-
What is Science?
a way to gain knowledge by a dynamic process of gathering and testing information.
-
What is a hypothesis and what isn't it?
- Proposed explanation of a set of observations that is testable and falsifiable.
- It is not a theory or a guess.
-
What is a theory?
Hypotheses or set of hypotheses for which many types and repetitions of experiments provide evidence.
-
What is the definition of Biology and name the groups associated with that?
- Biology is the "study of life"
- Processes and Activites
- Structure
- Growth
- Development
- Behavior
- Origin
- Evolution
- Distribution
-
(What makes something alive?) what are they composed of and their definitions?
- All living things are composed of cells
- Unicellular or multicellular
- Prokayote - A cell that lacks a nucleus and other membrane-enclosed organelles; includes the bacteria and archaea. Simpler in form.
- Eukaryoke - An organism whose cells have nuclei and other membrane-enclosed organelles. Includes protists, fungi,plants and animals.
-
(What makes something alive?) What is the difference between biological growth and development?
- Growth - change is size and / or number of individual cells (duration can vary)
- Development - all changes that occur in an organisms (lifetime)
-
(What makes something alive?) How do organisms regulate metabolic processes?
Metabolism - all of the chemical activities in an organism / also the key in maintaining homeostasis (balance)
-
(What makes something alive?) Organisms respond to stimuli...what are some examples of stimuli and how do movement and locomotion differ?
- Stimuli - physical or chemical changes in their internal or external environment. Ex. (changes in color, intensity, or direction of light; in temperature, pressure, or sound; flowers to bees)
- Movement is moving without changing location.
- Locomotion is moving from one place to another.
-
(What makes something alive?) Organism reproduce...how do they reproduce and give definitions for each?
- Organisms reproduce Asexually and Sexually.
- Asexual - reproduce by themselves / they are genetically the same (ex. amoeba that has grown to a certain size and splits in two)
- Sexual - is carried out by the fusion of an egg and a sperm cell to form a fertilized egg.
-
(What makes something alive?) Populations evolve and become adapted to the environments...what is a population and adaptation?
- Population - Multiple of same species at the same place and time. (Individual organisms do not evolve - populations do)
- Adaptation - Inherited characteristics that enhance survival in a particular environment.
-
(How do Biologists organize things)...list two ways and define them?
- Reductionism - learning about a structure by studying its parts. (ex. cake and its ingredients) However, the parts don't tell the whole story.
- Emergent properties - characteristics not found at lower levels. (You begin to see these properties at the Cell Level)
-
(How do Biologists organize things)...What is Taxonomy and binomial nomenclature?
- It is the science of classification, naming organisms and putting them into a hierarchy.
- Carolus Linneaus (Father of Taxonomy)
- Binomial Nomenclature - This is the scientific naming of species. Always given 2 names - first part of the name is the genus (always capitalized), the second the specific epithet (not capitalized but whole name underlined or italicized).
-
(How do Biologists organize things)...What is systematics and name the orders and kingdoms?
- The study of how organisms are related to each other through time.
- KINGDOM, PHYLUM, CLASS, ORDER, FAMILY, GENUS, SPECIES (King Philip Came Over For Good Soup)
- There are 3 domains and 6 kingdoms - Bacteria, Archaea, (Eukarya) = Protista, Plantae, Animalia, Fungi
-
Name the multiple forms of information transfer?
DNA, RNA, Proteins, Hormones, Neurotransmitters, Electrical signals
-
Where does energy come from? Name the processes and how they work?
- It all starts with the SUN
- Photosynthesis - SUN + C02 + H2O IN and Gluscose + O2 OUT
- Cellular Respiration - Glucose + O2 + H2O IN and CO2 + Energy OUT (ATP Adenosine Triphospate)
-
What are Autotrophs and Heterotrophs? (These make up an ecosystem also)
- Autotrophs (producers) - Plants, algae, and certain bacteria that produces their own food from simple raw materials. (through Photosynthesis)
- Heterotrophs (consumers) - are organisms that depend on producers for food, and oxygen. (decomposers) - most bacteria and fungi obtain nutrients by breaking down nonliving organic material (ex. waste)
-
(How do populations change?) Define Evolution?
- Evolution - Change in the frequency of individuals with different traits over time.
- Frequency: Proportion / percent
- Individuals: A single organism
- Different traits: Genetic variation
- Time: Generations
-
(How do populations change?) Name the five ways populations change? (five finger formula)
- Gene flow: movement (pointer finger)
- Mutation: random occurrence (middle finger)
- Non random mating: (ring finger)
- Small population size: (pinky finger)
- Natural selection: (thumb) the only one Darwin came up with.
- If any of these act in a population, they will change its gene frequencies and evolve.
-
What was Darwin's observations of natural selection? Define it?
- Individual members of a population show variation.
- Organisms produce more offspring then will survive to reproduction.
- More individuals are produced then the environment can support, which leads to competition, predation, disease.
- Individuals with characteristics that allow them to survive to reproduction will pass on their adaptions.
- Natural Selection: Differential survival and reproduction of individuals with traits best suited to the environment.
-
Why are adaptations so important and why aren't all organisms the same?
So we don't get wiped out.
-
What are Organic and Inorganic substances?
- Organic: Carbon containing compounds, Large and complex molecules. (Ex. Carbs, lipids, proteins)
- Inorganic: Do not contain carbon, small, simple substances (Ex. water, simple acid and bases, simple salts)
-
What elements make up the bulk of an living organism?
Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, and Carbon. (reminder: elements cant be broken down any further)
-
What is an atom?
- Atom - smallest portion of an element that retains its chemical properties. It is composed of subatomic particles...
- Protons and Neutrons - located in the Nucleus
- Electrons - orbiting around the Nucleus
-
What is the Atomic Number? (what else does this tell us by default) How many valence shells and how many electrons does each hold?
- Number of protons, unique to each element (tells us the number of electrons)
- 3 valence shells - 1st holds 2 max, 2nd holds 8 max, 3rd holds more than 8 but 8 makes happy.
-
What is the Atomic Mass number and isotopes?
- Atomic Mass - Sum of the protons and neutrons - this can be variable.
- Isotopes - is an atom of an element with different number of neutrons...atomic weight / mass - average of all the mass numbers of all the isotopes of an element.
-
What are some characteristics of Radioactive Isotopes?
- Nucleus decays spontaneously
- "Tracers" in scientific studies
- Medical uses
- Used in dating
- Potential health risks
-
What is the difference between Molecules and Compounds?
- Molecule - 2 atoms of the same element (bonded together)
- Compound - 2 atoms of different element (or more)
-
What is a Chemical bond, how many types are there? Name those types and define?
- Attraction that holds atoms together
- Type of bond depends on characteristics of atoms
- There are 3 types of bonds - Covalent (involves sharing), Ionic (involves stealing of electron), hydrogens (weakest)
- Note: (electrons can be so fickle)
-
What is an ion and what is an ionic bond?
- Atom or molecule with a charge due to gain or loss of an electron.
- Ionic bond - is an attraction of positive ion and negative ion.
- (This bond weaker than covalent and stronger than hydrogen)
-
What is a covalent bond, define nonpolar and polar?
- Two atoms share one or more of the outer shell electrons. (Strongest bond)
- Non - Polar - (Stronger) Electrons are shared evenly between the 2 atoms in the bond
- Polar - (Strong) Bonds are formed at an angle causing electrons to be shared unequally.
-
What is a Hydrogen bond?
- Form between polar molecules
- Weakest type of bond (Ex. water!!!)
-
What is a chemical reactions?
The making and breaking of bonds.
-
Water is a POLAR BOND...name it's unique characteristics that are VITAL to life?
- Cohesion - (ability to stick to itself)
- Adhesion - (water through plants)
- Surface Tension - (The Jesus Christ Lizard)
- Capillary Action - (move up small tubes)
- Moderates Temperature
- Versatile Solvent
-
What are the differences between acids and bases?
- Dissociate in water
- Electrolytes (can conduct electricity when in water)
- measured using pH scale
- Acids - a lot of H+ions (free ions not attracted to anything else)
- Bases - few H+ions
- Human blood = 7.35 - 7.45
- pH is based only on free H+ions
- Bound hydrogen ions do not contribute to pH
|
|
