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what is matter composed of?
atoms
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What is the smallest part of an element?
atom
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What is ionization?
adding or removing an electron from an atom
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what is it called when two or more atoms are chemically united?
- molecule
- i.e. 2 H+ atoms combined with 1 02 atom forms one water molecule
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What is the smallest particle of a compound?
molecule
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What are the thre basic subatomic particles of atoms?
protons neutrons and electrons
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What is the nucleus?
What does it contain in and around it/
- it is a small dense center of the atom
- it contains nucleons, protons and electrons
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What is it called when an atom gains or loses an electron?
an ion
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How does an atom become a positive or negative ion?
If an electron is removed the atom becomes more positive (possesses an extra positive charge
If an electron is added to the atom it becomes a negative ion (possesses an extra negative charge)
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what determines the level or shell the electron occupies?
the distance from the nucleus
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Does changing the number of nuetrons or electrons change the element?
no
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what is electron binding energy?
- energy needed to eject electron from an atom
- i.e. in reletion to how close an electron is to the nucleus
the closer the electron is to the nucleus, the more tightly it is bound to its orbit shell
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the closer an electron is to the nucleus _____?
the higher the electron binding energy is and the more difficult it is to remove the electron from the atom
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What is the orbital shell closest to the nucleus called?and the rest?
K-shell the next shell is called the L-shell, then the M-, N-, O-, P- and finally the Q-shell
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In a neutral atom, the number of protons and electrons are equal?
t/f
True
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What is the maximum electrons in each shell K,L,M,N,O,P,Q shells?
K = 2L = 8M = 18N = 32O = 50P = 72Q = 98
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So what shell does the atom H+ orbit in?
- the K-shell because the mximum limit of electrons is 2
- H+ has 1 on proton and one electron together it is 2
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what is the octet rule?
when the outermost shell never exceeds 8 electrons
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what is the unit of measurement in a binding electron
electron volt (eV)
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what is the smallest quantitty of any eltromagnetic radiation?
photon
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what are the different types of EM radiation?
heat, radio, television, radar, visible light, infrared, ultraviolet, diagnostic, therapeutic, gamma and cosmic.
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What is the wave particle duality?
Under certain circumstances EM radiation behaves as a wave and at other times it behaves as a particle.
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What does all Em photons have specifically?
certain wavwelengths and frequencies
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Where are low frequencies and long wavelengths located on the EM spectrum?
prvide examples?
on the bottom
radiowaves and microwaves
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where are high frequency and short wavelengths located on the Em spectrum?
examples
at the top and those include gamma and x-rays, with associated high frequencies and short wavelengths
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what happens when high frequency EM radiation interact with matter?
it begins to form and act as photon (beam)
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what is a small bundle of energy known as?
photon
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Photon energy and frequency are directly porpotional?
T or F
True
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who discovered the first xray in 1895?
German physicist Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen.
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What are the first 6 x ray properties?
1.Highly penetrating, invisible rays which are a form of electromagnetic radiation.
2.Are electrically neutral and therefore not affected by either electric or magnetic fields.
3. Can be produced over a wide variety of energies and wavelengths.
4. Release very small amounts of heat upon passing through matter.
5. Travel in straight lines.
6. Travel at the speed of light.
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What are the last 6 x ray properties?
7. Can ionize matter.
8. Can cause fluorescence of certain crystals.
9. Cannot be focused by a lens.
10. Affect photographic film.
11. Produce chemical and biological changes in matter through ionization and excitation.
12. Produce secondary and scatter radiation
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