Microbiology "Prokaryotes, Eukaryotes, and Viruses"

-are not alive, replicate in living cells, obligate intracellular parasites

• -infectious protein that lacks genetic material
• -replicates by changing normal protein into an infectious form
• -can be transmitted by ingestion

sphere

rod

short rod/ long sphere

curved rod

spiral rod

helical rod, corkscrew, very motile

many shaped (not a specific shape)

two

chains

clusters

tetrads

• proton motive force
• -electrochemical gradient across the membrane.
• H+ protons outside are electrically attracted to OH- ions inside

Proton motive force, as proton is brought into the cell, another substance is expelled or brought into the cell

utilize ATP to bring molecules in

transport process that chemically alters molecule during passage through cytoplasmic membrane