-
Anatomy
the study of structure and form
-
microscopic anatomy
examines the structures that cannot be observed by the unaided eye
-
cytology
the study of body cells and their internal structure
-
histology
the study of tissue
-
gross anatomy (macroscopic anatomy)
investigates the structure and relationships of body parts that are visible to the unaided eye
-
systemic anatomy
studies the anatomy of each functional body system
-
regional anatomy
examines all of the structures in a particular region of the body as a complete unit
-
surface anatomy
focuses on both superficial anatomic markings and the internal body structure that relates to the skin covering them.
-
comparative anatomy
examines similarities and the differences in the anatomy of different species
-
embryology
it is the discipline concerned with developmental changes occurring from conception to birth
-
Pathologic anantomy
examines all anatomic changes with developmental and they examine both gross anatomic and microscopic structures.
-
radiographic anatomy
investigates the relationships among internal structures that may be visualized by specific scanning procedures
-
physiology
the study of the function of body parts
-
cardiovascular physiology
examines the functioning of the heart, blood vessels, and blood
-
Neurophysiology
examines how nerve impulses travel throughout the nervous system and how nervous system organs work
-
respiratory physiology
studies how respiratory gases are transferred by gas exchange between the lungs and the blood vessels supplying the lungs, among other things.
-
reproductive physiology
explores how the regulation of reproductive hormones can drive the reproductive cycle and influence sex cell production and maturation
-
pathophysiology
investigates the relationship between the functioning of an organ system and disease or injury to that organ system
-
Levels of Organization
- Chemical level
- Cellular level
- Tissue level
- Organ level
- Organ system level
- Organismal level
-
6 characteristics of life
- Organization
- growth and development
- metabolism
- regulation
- responsiveness
- reproduction
-
11 organ systems
- respiratory
- lymphatic
- endocrine
- reproductive
- muscle
- cardiovascular
- skeletal
- integumentary
- urinary
- digestive
- nervous
-
Homeostasis
the ability of an organism to maintain a consistent internal environment ( body temperature rises)
-
Negative feedback
coming from the opposite direction of the stimulus back to the set point (body temp and blood pressure)
-
Positive feedback
speeds up the stimulus until a climatic event and once the event occurs the body returns to homeostasis (breast feeding and child birth)
-
Mediastinum
the median space in the thoracic cavity that contains the heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and major blood vessels that connect the heart
-
Serous membrane
a thin layer of membrane that lines the organs of the ventral cavity. the parietal layer lines the internal surface of the body wall and the visceral layer covers the external surface of the organs within that cavity.
-
Anatomical position
when an individual stands upright with the feet parallel and flat on the floor, the upper limbs are at the sides of the body, and the palms face anteriorly; the head is level, and the eyes look forward toward the observer.
-
Superior
closer to the head
-
inferior
closer to the feet
-
anterior
in front of; toward the front surface
-
Posterior
in back of; toward the back surface
-
Medial
toward the midline of the body
-
Lateral
away from the midline of the body
-
Proximal
closest to point of attachment to trunk
-
distal
furthest from point of attachment to trunk
-
deep
on the inside, internal to another structure
-
superficial
on the outside
-
-
-
Occipital
Posterior aspect of the head
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Sternal
anterior middle region of the thorax
-
-
Abdominal
Region inferior to the thorax and superior to the hip bone
-
-
-
-
Pubic
anterior region of the pelvis
-
-
-
Lumbar
relating to the loins, or the inferior part of the back, between the ribs and pelvis
-
Sacral
posterior region between the hip bones
-
-
Perineal
diamond-shaped region between the legs that contains the anus and external reproductive organs
-
-
Branchial
arm (portion of the upper limb between the shoulder and the elbow
-
Antecubital
region anterior to the elbow; also known as the cubital region
-
Antebrachial
forearm (the portion of the upper limb between the elbow and the wrist)
-
-
Palmer
Palm (anterior surface) of the hand
-
Digital
fingers or toes (also called phalangeal)
-
Acromial
outward end of the scapula or shoulder blade
-
Olecranon
posterior aspect of the elbow
-
-
-
-
-
Crural
Leg (the portion of the lower limb between the knee and the ankle)
-
Tarsal
ankle, root of the foot
-
-
Popliteal
area posterior to the knee
-
-
Calcaneal
heel of the foot
-
-
Sagittal
divides a structure into left and right portions that may not be equal, a plane that is parallel to the midsagittal, but either to the left or right.
-
Transverse/horizontal
divides the body or organ into superior and inferior parts
-
Frontal/ coronal
divides the body or organ into anterior and posterior parts
-
Longitudinal
divides an organ along its long axis
-
Transverse
cuts an organ at a right angle to the long axis
-
Oblique
cuts across the long axis at an angle other than a right angle
|
|