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Gross anatomy
Study of body structures
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Physiological Anatomy
Description of body part accompanied by explanation of its function
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Surface Anatomy
Study of shapes and markings on the surface of the body
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Histology
Study of structures so small they can only be seen with a microscope
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Brachium
Arm, upper limb between shoulder and elbow
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Leg
Lower limb b/t knee and ankle
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Cartilage
Avascular form of connective tissue, supports soft tissue, provides a smooth surface for bone articulation
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Fascia
Connective tissue containing varying amounts of fat, surrounds muscles, bones, organs, nerves and blood vessels
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Ligament
Fibrous tissue, connects bone to bone
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Superior (cranial, cephalad)
Toward the head end or upper part of a structure
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Inferior (caudal)
Away from head end or toward lower part of a structure
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Medial
Toward midline of the body
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Lateral
Away from midline of body
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Proximal
Closer to the origin of the body part or point of attachment
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Distal
Farther from the origin of the body part or point of attachment
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Ipsilateral
On the same side
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Contralateral
On the opposite side
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Anterior (ventral)
Forward or at the front of the body
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Posterior (dorsal)
Toward or at the back of the body
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Superficial (external)
Toward or at the body's surface
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Deep (internal)
Away from the body surface, more internal
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Flexion
Decrease the angle between two bones
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Extension
Increase the angle between two bones
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Abduction
Moving a limb away from the body midline
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Adduction
Moving a limb towards the midline
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Supination
Palm up, ulna and radius parallel
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Pronation
Palm down, radius crossed over ulna
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Contractility
The capacity or quality of shrinking or contracting
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Excitability
The property of a cell that enables it to react to a stimulation or irritation
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Origin
Attachment of the muscle on the less movable bone
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Insertion
The attachment of the muscle on the more movable bone
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Fascicles
Bundles of fibers
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