Socialization

Helping others despite a cost to ourselves

A situation where people choose between a cooperative act and not a competitive act that benefits themselves but hurts others

• if both don't confess, 1 year
• if both confess, 5 years
• if 1 rats the other out, 1 gets 20 years

People want a reputation for being fair and helpful

People who do cooperate punish those who don't

We feel less responsibility to act when other people are able to act

Ex: Helping someone when there is already a crowd of people there

Describes a situation in which people say nothing, and each person falsely assumes that others have a better-informed opinion

The tendency to "loaf" or work less hard when sharing work with other people

Example: The students with headphones who were asked to scream and contribute experiment

The main cause of anger and aggression is frustration--an obstacle that stands in the way of doing something or obtaining something

Perceiving others as anonymous, without any real personality

Perceiving others as less than humans (in war)

The use of brain measurements to shed light on social behavior

The processes for learning about others and making inferences from that information

The first information we learn about someone influences us more than later information does

Expectations that increase the probability of the predicted event

First impressions

Belief or expectation about a group of people

An unfavorable attitude towards a group of people

Unequal treatment of different groups

Measures reactions to combinations of categories, such as flowers and pleasant.

Detects underlying prejudice

Accepting, recognizing, and enjoying differences among people and groups

The set of thought processes we use to assign causes to our own behavior and that of others

(Winning the lottery and everyone wants to be your friend)

Explanations based on someone's attitudes, personality traits, abilities, or other characteristics

Ex: he walked because "he liked the exercise"

Explanations based on the situation, including events that would influence almost anyone

he walked "because his car wouldn't start"

How the person's behavior compares with other peoples' behavior

How the person's behavior varies from one time to the next

How the person's behavior varies from one situation to the other

People are more likely to make internal attributions for other people's behavior and more likely to make external attributions for their own

You are an "actor" when you try to explain the cause of your own behavior and an "observer" when you try to explain the cause of someone elses behavior

The tendency to make internal attributions for people's behavior even when we see evidence for an external influence on behavior

(real attitudes of people that are forced to write essays praising on condemning Fidel Castro)

Attributions that we adopt to maximize credit for success and minimize blame for failure

(did good an test because of intelligence, but did badly because of hard test)

Intentionally putting oneself at a disadvantage to provide an excuse for failure

(You think you will do poorly on a test, so you stay out and party the night before)

Altering one's behavior to match other people's behavior or expectations

When nearly all people in a particular group lean in the same direction and group discussion moves as a whole even further in that direction

An extreme form of group polarization that occurs when members of a group suppress their doubts about a group's decision for fear of making a bad impression or disturbing group harmony

(President supporting the dumb idea of the Bay of Pigs invasion)