-
proteostasis
- safeguards cells from protein folding challenges
- ie neurogenerative diseases: result in protein CLUMPING
-
Chaperone expression results
with Human core chaperone expression: PROTEOSTASIS is maintained to prevent Huntington's (protein aggregation, clumping)
-
Cleavage lifecycle types
- Holoblastic: Cleavage furrow extends THRU ENTIRE yolk
- Isolecithal: Eggs have Sparse, EQUALLY distributed yolk
- Take home: Different amounts of RNA and protein based on HOW cleavage breaks thru egg
-
Gastrulation Cell movement types
- Invagination: grows up in an inward loop
- Delamination: grows as an inner layer from outside in
- Ingression, Epiboly, involution
- Take home: LOCATION of cells determines WHICH types of cells they will ultimately become
-
Gastrula cell types
- Ectoderm: Outer surface, neurons and neural crests
- Mesoderm: bone tissue, red blood cells, facial muscle
- Endoderm: Digestive (pancreatic cells), Thyroid cells, respitory (lung cells)
- Germ layers: Also required to maintain germ cells for reproduction
-
Fate Map
- Tells which area is responsible for what type of cells (ie: Animal pole responsible for ectoderm in tunicate)
- Can see this with Visuallization: in worms, since they're translucent
- Can determine using Fluorescence: stain cell and then see where stain goes once adult
-
Gene components
- Promoter region: w TATA box
- Transcription initiation and Translation initiation site
- Exons and introns
- Translation TErmination site
- Poly-A tail
- Transcription termination site
-
Cis-regulated enhancer elements
Proteins bind to ENHANCER element and allow for EXPRESSION of the gene
-
Differential TRANSCRIPTION due to:
- 1. Histone methylation/acetylation
- meth: condenses DNA to STOP expression
- acet: loosen chromatin to AID in increased expression
- 2. DNA methylation and TFs
- Methyl groups stick out: Blocks TRANSCRIPTION factors from binding to enhancer to allow for promoter to start expression
-
Selective mRNA processing:
- 1. RNA processing
- Differential processing during development aids in determining WHAT TYPE OF CELL is going to result, aka depends on which RNA is sent out of nucleus
- 2. RNA splicing
- Splicing kinases splice different components of nuclear RNA to create DIFFERENT PRODUCTS
-
Selective mRNA TRANSLATION
- 1. Blocked by proteins
- 2. microRNAs
- If microRNA finds a Transcript: leads to degradation
- 3. Localization important
|
|
