Kinesiology (MBLEX)

• movement away from the midline of the body;
• examples including bringing the arms upward from the side of the body and opening the legs during a jumping jack (abducts the shoulder and the hip) and spreading the fingers apart

• binds the distal end of the clavicle with the acromion process;
• injured in a shoulder separation

• movement toward the midline of the body;
• examples include bringing the arms downward to the side of the body during a jumping jack and bringing the fingers together from a spread position

• connects the femur to the tibia;
• commonly damaged in athletic knee injuries

• lines the contact surfaces of the bones within the joint;
• provides cushion to adjoining bones, congruity of the joint surfaces, and decreased friction in the join and obtains nutrients by imbibing (absorbing) from the synovialfluid within the joint space;
• when this wears thin or becomes inflamed or pathologic, the condition is called arthritis

• binds the distal fibula with the talus;
• crosses the anterolateral aspect of the ankle joint;
• usually damaged in a common ankle sprain (inversion sprain)

• joints formed by a round, convex surface in a socket or cavity;
• allow movement in all planes (joint with most movement);
• examples include the glenohumeral (shoulder) and hip joints

• small, fluid-filled sacs that provide a cushion between bones and tendons and/or muscles around a joint;
• bursae are filled with synovial fluid and are found around almost every major joint of the body;
• when they become inflamed, the condition is called burisits

• slightly movable joints;
• articulating surfaces of the bones are separated by a piece of cartilage; also called amphiarthroses;
• examples include the intervertebral disks and the pubic symphsis

• a circular or cone-shaped movement involving a combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction;
• an example is drawing a circle on a chalkboard with a straight elbow

• joints formed by a convex surface within a concave surface;
• permit movement in two planes;
• examples include the radiocarpal (wrist) and metacarpophalangeal (base of the fingers) joints

• moving a body part downward;
• examples include opening the mouth and pulling the shoulders down from a shrugged position

• pulling the top or dorsal surface of the foot up;
• an example is pulling the toes off of the ground when standing

• lifting a body part upward;
• examples include shrugging the shoulders and closing the mouth

• rolling the sole of the foot to face more laterally;
• an example is standing on the inside of the foot

• a straightening movement;
• increasing the angle between bones to 180 degrees;
• a return from flexion (i.e., a movement that is the opposite of flexion)

rotation the anterior segment of the bone laterally

• immovable joints;
• also called synarthrodial joints;
• examples include sutures and epiphyseal (growth) plates

• a bending movement;
• decreasing the angle between the anterior surfaces of the bones (except at the knees and toes);
• exampels include bending the elbow, bending the kneww, making a fist, bending at the waist to pick something up, pulling the leg at the hip to step up a stair, bowing the head

• joints formed by two flat surfaces coming together;
• allow side-to-side movement, back and forth movement, and rotation;
• examples include the intercarpal and intertarsal joints and the facet joints in the spine

• joints that act like a door on hinges;
• permit movement in only one plane;
• examples include the elbow, knee, and interphalangeal joints

• moving an abducted body part backward in the transverse or horizontal plane;
• examples include drawing the string of a bow back and lowering the body down in a push-up

• moving an abducted body part forward in the transverse or horizontal plane;
• examples include throwing a discus and pushing the body up in a push-up

• increasing the angle between bones past 180 degrees
• for example, looking up at the sky hyperextends the neck

rotating the anterior segment of the bone medially

• rolling the sole of the foot to face more medially;
• an example is standing on the outside of the foot

• the ligamentous structure that encases and encloses the joint;
• adds stability to the joint and restricts movement

ring of cartilage found within the glenohumeral joint (shoulder)

• bending the trunk or neck laterally;
• also called side bending

• dense fibrous connective tissue that adds stability to a joint structure;
• often blends with the joint capsule around the joint;
•  can also be found within the joint cavity

• connects the tibia and the femur on the medial aspect of the knee joint;
• commonly injured in athletic knee injuries

figure 9-shaped ring of cartilage found within the knee joint

• binds spinous processes of the cervical vertebrae together;
• serves as the origin for the trapezius and splenius capitis muscles

• joints formed by a cone-shaped surface of one bone articulating with a concave notch of another bone;
• allow rotation only;
• examples include the atlatoaxial (between C1 and C2 and radioulnar joints)

• pointing the plantar surface of the foot downward;
• an example is standing on the tips of the toes

rolling the forearm so that the palm faces posteriorly (when in anatomical position)

• moving a body part forward;
• examples include pushing the jaw forward, bringing the head forward, and pulling the scapulae forward as in a forward reach

• moving the body part backward;
• examples include pulling the jaw in after being pushed out and moving the scapulate toward the spine as in a rowing motion

rotation of the trunk or neck to the right or left

movement around the long axis of the bone

• joints formed by two saddle-shaped surfaces (convex in one plane, concave in another plane);
• allow for stabilized movement in two planes;
• an example is the carpometacarpal joint in the thumb

rolling the forearm so that the palm faces anteriorly (when in anatomical position)

• fluid that fills the joint space;
• provides nutrition and lubrication to the joint surfaces

• freely moveable joints;
• possess a joint cavity encapsulated by ligamentous structures (joint capsule and/or ligaments); contain synovial fluid that is secreted by the synovial membrane; ends of joints are lines with hyaline cartilage;
• also called diarthroses

• lines the inside of the joint capsule;
• produces synovial fluid

• covers the tendons for the wrist and finger flexors;
• forms the carpal tunnel

• measure of the strength of the level system
• *the closer the fulcrum is to the load - more movement or mechanical movement

• the velocity of a lever arm has an inverse relationship to the mechanical advantage
• in other words, as the mechanical advantage decreases the velocity increases