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what test is the BUN for?
kidney
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what test is the ALT for?
liver
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what is the old name for the ALT test?
SGPT
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what do you NOT do to the animal if ALT levels are elevated?
surgery - no anesthesia
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if PCV is over the high number, what does it mean?
dehydration or shock
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what do you not do to the animal if it is in shock?
surgery
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what is hematology the study of?
iron, hemoglobin, blood (WBC & RBC)
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what are the two portions of blood?
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what are the components of the cellular portion of blood?
- erythrocytes
- leukocytes
- thrombocytes
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what is the scientific name for RBC?
erythrocytes
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what is the scientific name for WBC?
leukocytes
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what is the scientific name for platelets?
thrombocytes
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what percentage of all cell are erythrocytes?
99%
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normal RBC for dog
6-7 million
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normal WBC for dog
10-12 thousand
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what is the ratio for WBC to RBC?
1:500
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why do normal RBCs do not have a nucleus?
enables more hemoglobin and therefore carry more oxygen
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what is the component of the fluid portion of the blood?
plasma
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what constitutes plasma?
water, electrolytes and clotting factors
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what are the two major electrolytes in plasma?
sodium and chloride
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what are electrolytes?
minor elements with a charge
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how many total electrolytes?
7
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how many electrolytes are we concerned about?
6
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what are the six major electrolytes?
- sodium
- chloride
- potassium
- calcium
- phosphate
- magnesium
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what is the seventh electrolyte?
sulfur
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how much water is in plasma?
99%
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what is normal saline?
water with sodium and chloride
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what is the percentage of electrolytes in normal saline?
0.9%
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what is an alternate name for normal saline?
isotonic saline
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what does "iso" mean?
normal or same
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what type of fluid is blood?
viscous
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what fluid is preferred in the veterinary clinic over isotonic saline?
lactated ringers
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what is lactated ringers?
water and electrolytes
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what are the main electrolytes found in lactated ringers?
calcium and potassium
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what is the constitution of all body fluids except urine?
99% water ~0.9% sodium chloride
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what is water known as when in an IV bag?
hypotonic
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what does a hypotonic solution do?
destroys RBCs
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what is a milliequivalent?
number of grams in 1 mL of NS
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what does NS stand for?
normal saline
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what is the abbreviation for milliequivalent?
mEq
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what is the milliequivalent amounts per liter for each electrolyte?
- Mg ~ 2 mEq/L
- Ca ~ 3.5 mEq/L
- PO4 ~ 4 mEq/L
- Na ~ 155 mEq/L
- Cl ~ 110 mEq/L
- K ~ 4 mEq/L
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what is the cellular respiration formula?
C6 H12 O6 + 6O2 --> 6H2O + 6CO2 + energy
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which cells go through cellular respiration?
all cells, each cell, every cell - non-dead cell
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which cells do not undergo cellular respiration?
dead cells
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during respiration, what is released with exhale?
water and carbon dioxide
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what is the chemical formula for glucose?
C6 H12 O6
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How does glucose travel?
eaten, absorbed in small intestine, and transported through blood in erythrocytes
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what two things are water soluble?
sugar and amino acids
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what is not water soluble?
fat
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since fats are not water soluble, what else does that mean?
fats are not easily transported
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what two main issues are caused by fat?
- clogged arteries around heart
- clogged arteries around brain - stroke
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what part of the nephron filters toxins from the blood?
glomerulus
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what is needed for the blood to be properly filtered?
- water
- pressure on the water
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what does the cow use for grabbing food?
tongue
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what does the horse use for grabbing food?
lips
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what enzyme do humans have in their mouth to aid in digestion?
salivary amylase
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what is the route for glucose ingestion?
mouth -> esophagus -> stomach -> digestive enzymes produced by pancreas -> small intestine absorb water and food -> carried throughout the body by the blood stream
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what is serum?
the fluid portion of the blood without clotting factors
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what is the purpose of insulin?
allows glucose to enter cells (it is like a key opening the door for glucose to enter the cell)
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when an animal is in shock, what is immediately given?
fluids which elevates the blood pressure to allow the kidneys to properly filter out toxins
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what is urea?
waste product of protein breakdown into amino acids
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what is PCV?
packed cell volume: percentage of erythrocytes (RBCs) to total volume of blood
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what is indicated by low PVC value?
low RBC therefore low hemoglobin and oxygen which leads to low ATP production and ultimately lethargy or sluggishness
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what is globulin?
protein
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what is a naive protein?
a protein that has not been exposed to the body
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what five things are proteins used for?
- enzymes (amino acids)
- antibodies
- muscles
- plasma membranes (ex. transport hormones)
- hormones
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what food has complete percentage of the ten essential proteins?
egg
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what food is close to a complete percentage of the ten essential proteins?
red meat - 96%
-
what is indicated by too much protein?
too much amino acids which is then used for cellular respiration
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what must be removed from amino acids if being used for cellular respiration?
ammonia aka nitrogen group (amine group)
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what is NH3?
ammonia aka amine or nitrogen group
-
what is the process name for the removal of the amine group from amino acids?
deamination
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where does deamination occur?
liver
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what happens to the ammonia when removed in the liver?
dumped into the blood
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what combines with ammonia to create urea?
water
-
what is produced when urea and water are combined?
urine
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what are the three signs of distress?
- heartbeat
- respiration
- urine production
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what is shock?
movement of blood from peripheral to internal circulation (kidney) (Dr. Moore)
reduced cardiac output and vasodilitation (Dr. Younger)
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what is the definition of fluid?
free movement
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what is indicated by high PCV levels in a horse?
level of shock with colic
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what is the general indicators of elevated PCV levels?
low fluids leading to increased dehydration or shock along with decreased blood pressure
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what is anisocytosis?
variation in cell size
-
what is polychromasia?
variation in color
-
what is reticulocyte?
immature RBC (underdeveloped)
-
what are the characteristics of a reticulocyte?
larger and darker (bluish)
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what is the normal color of RBCs?
pinkish
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what is a blast?
embryonic cell
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how does RBCs mature?
- larger are younger
- smallest are oldest
-
what are the seven stages of RBC maturation?
- rubriblast
- prorubricyte
- rubricyte
- metarubrictye
- howell jolly
- reticulocyte
- normal
-
what is poikilocytosis?
abnormal shape
-
what is the function of the spleen?
remove dead and/or abnormal RBCs
-
what three types of RBCs are mainly found in the bone marrow?
- rubriblast
- prorubricyte
- rubricyte
-
what are the four characteristics to describe a RBC?
- anisocytosis
- polychromasia
- reticulocytes
- poikilocytosis
-
what is the normal PCV for a dog?
40-45%
-
when performing a PCV or hematocrit test, which way does the packed end of the tube face and why?
faces out away from center; the force pulls the tube outward
-
what displays an infection?
elevated neutrophil count
-
what is another name for a nucleated RBC?
metarubricyte
-
what does a metarubricyte or nucleated RBC indicate?
anemia
-
what is the #1 condition associated with anemia?
auto-immune hemolytic anemia
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what two things doe WBCs have?
-
a segmented neutrophil with more than 4 segments is referred to as?
hypersegmented neutrophil
-
what does a band neutrophil look like?
symmetrical horse shoe
-
what is a band neutrophil?
immature segmented neutrophil
-
what does a segmented neutrophil look like?
pretzel - divided into different lobes
-
what is the common amount for segmented neutrophils?
60-80 out of 100
-
what is an issue with band neutrophils?
do not have sufficient enzymes to be effectively phagocytic
-
what is the center of an RBC referred to as?
central pallor
-
what are the four characteristics of a monocyte?
- large
- blue cytoplasm
- white/clear vacuoles in cytoplasm
- indented non-round nucleus/not all one color
-
what kind of cell is large and dark in color?
reticulocyte
-
what is the term used for an awkward shaped RBC?
poikilocytosis
-
what is the term for a cell with spiked edges, usually due to "speed drying"?
crenation
-
what is the term used for RBC fragments?
schistocyte
-
what is an example that can cause schistocytes?
aspirin given to a cat
-
what is the normal PCV of a cat?
37
-
what are hypersegmented neutrophils?
too old
-
what are spherocytes a sign of?
auto-immune hemolytic anemia
-
how do spherocytes get their color?
antibodies in the dog attack the RBCs and the RBC weight condenses making the the cell darker in color
-
what are target cells also known as?
-
haemobartonella is now known as?
mycoplasma haemofelis/canis
-
what are Heinz bodies a sign of?
poison/toxicity
-
what is common toxicity in dogs that causes Heinz bodies?
onion toxicity
-
what is the main identifier of a target cell?
hemoglobin is pigmented in the center (same color as the rest of the cell)
-
what are Howell Jolly bodies?
nuclear remnants
-
what three types of RBCs are associated with auto-immune hemolytic anemia?
- spherocytes
- reticulocytes
- metarubricyte/nucleated RBC
-
what leukocytes are agranular?
-
what leukocytes are granular?
- basophil
- neutrophil
- eosinophil
-
what is rouleaux?
RBCs that are "stacked" like coins or poker chips
-
what is the common amount for band neutrophil?
0-2 out of 100
-
what is the unique characteristic of eosinophils?
red granules in cytoplasm
-
what is the term for a tear-drop shaped RBC?
dacrocyte
-
what is the term for an RBC that has two long projections (looks like a bite is missing)?
keratocyte
-
what is the process of splitting or destruction of RBCs?
dyschrasia
-
what are the two most common WBCs?
- segmented neutrophil
- lymphocyte
-
what is the normal count for lymphocytes?
18-25 out of 100
-
what is the term for an RBC with a slit-like central pallor?
stomatocyte
-
what is the unique characteristic of Heinz bodies?
single projection
-
what is the unique characteristic of a nucleated RBC?
looks like an "egg"
-
what is the unique characteristic of a spherocyte?
smaller size and darker red
-
what is the term for a condensed RBC?
spherocyte
-
-
what is the term given to a RBC with multiple irregularly shaped finger-like spicules?
acanthocyte
-
-
what term is given to a larger cell with residual nuclear reticulum that appears as coarse or "lacey" pattern?
aggregated reticulocyte
-
-
-
-
what term is given to blue granules found in RBCs?
basophilic stippling
-
-
what is another term for echinocyte?
crenated RBC
-
-
-
what term is given to discrete blue-gray cytoplasm inclusions that are round or oval found in WBCs?
Dohle bodies
-
-
-
-
-
hypersegmented neutrophil
-
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