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In polar bonds, the partial charges (δ+ and δ-) are __. __ may or may not correspond to real charges.
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In general, bonds between atoms with very large electronegativity differences (> 2) tend to be drawn as __.
ionic
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In resonance, the actual molecule is said to be a __. Define delocalized.
- resonance hybrid
- spread out
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Explain resonance- stablilized.
when the charge is spread out as opposed to localized, causing the molecule to become more stable
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Although separate resonance forms don't exist, what can we do?
we can estimate their relative energies as if they did exist because more stable resonance forms are a better representation of the real molecule
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We call the more stable resonance form the __ and the less the __.
- major contributor
- minor contributor
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In drawing resonance, we try to __. The best candidates are those that __. Also, we look for the __.
- draw structures as low in energy as possible
- max number of octets and max number of bonds
- minimum amount of charge separation
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Only __ can be delocalized. Unlike them, __ cannot and must remain in the same places, with the same bond distances and angles, in all the resonance contributors.
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Negative charges are more stable on more __.
electronegative atoms
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Structural formulas show what? What are the types?
- whch atoms are bonded to which
- complete Lewis structures and condensed structural formulas
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Condensed structural formulas
written w/o showing all individual bonds
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Line-angle formula
- aka: skeletal structure/ stickfigure
- often used for cyclic compounds and occasionallyfor noncyclic ones
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In a stick figure, bonds are represented by __, and carbon atoms are present __.
- lines
- wherever two lines meet or a line begins or ends
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