-
The heart is located where?
in the medastinum
-
What is the outer most pericardial membrane?
Fibrous
-
What is the middle layer of the pericardial membrane?
Parietal
-
What is the inner most layer of the pericardial membranes?
Visceral
-
What is another name for the visceral pericardium?
Epicardium
-
What is the function of the serous fluid between the parietal and visceral membranes?
Prevents friction
-
Where is the serous fluid located in the heart?
Between the parietal and visceral membranes
-
What are the muscular walls of the chambers of the heart called?
myocardium
-
The name for the lining of the chambers of the heart is called?
endocardium
-
The function of the myocardium is to ?
pump blood
-
The function of the endocardium is to?
Prevent abnormal clotting
-
The vein that returns blood from the lower portion of the body to the right atrium is called?
inferior vena cava
-
What is the name of the vein that returns blood from the upper portion of the body to the right atrium?
the superior vena cava
-
The veins that return blood from the lungs to the left atrium are called?
Pulmonary veins
-
The function of ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide) is to?
lower the blood pressure by lowering blood volume
-
The left ventricle pumps blood into the ____ which then is pumped to _____?
aorta, body
-
The right ventricle pumps blood into the ____ which then goes to the ____?
pulmonary artery, lungs
-
The general function of the valves of the heart is to ?
Prevent back flow of blood
-
What is the function of the chordae tendonae and papillary muscles?
anchor the flaps of the AV valves
-
The right and left AV valves prevent backflow of blood from the?
from the ventricles to the atria when the ventricles contract
-
The semilunar valves prevent backflow of blood from the?
arteries to the ventricle when the ventricles relax
-
The blood vessels that supply the heart itself are called?
coronary vessels
-
For the heart muscle the most important substance in the blood is ?
Oxygen
-
Sequence of events in one heart beat?
Cardiac Cycle
-
Systole means?
Contraction
-
Diastole means?
relaxation
-
What is the correct sequence of blood flow?
Right heart to lungs to left heart to body to right heart
-
Part of the heart that initiates the heart beat?
SA node
-
The parts of the cardiac conduction pathway that brings about contraction of the ventricles are?
bundle of His, bundle branches, and purkinje fibersq
-
The amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle in one minute is called?
cardiac output
-
The amount of blood pumped by a ventricle in one beat is called?
Stroke volume
-
How do you calculate cardiac output?
Stroke volume x HR
-
What is the ejection fraction?
percent of blood within a ventricle that is pumped during systole
-
The part of the brain that regulates HR is?
Medulla
-
The vagus nerves carry impulses from where ___ to _______ (increase or decrease) HR?
the medulla, decrease
-
Pressoreceptors are located where?
Carotid and aortic sinuses
-
What is the purpose of the pressoreceptors?
The detect changes in blood pressure
-
The cardiac accelerator center uses nerves from which nervous system?
Sympathetic
-
The cardiac inhibitory center uses nerves from which nerve?
Vagus nerve
-
A sensation of pain on the heart is caused by?
Lack of Oxygen
-
Chemoreceptors are located where?
Carotid and aortic bodies
-
What is the purpose of chemoreceptors?
To detect changes in the blood oxygen level
-
When the blood decreases the kidneys kick in to secrete what?
renin
-
Antidiuretic hormone is released by what gland?
Posterior pituitary gland
-
What does ADH do?
increases water reabsorption by the kidneys thus increases blood pressure
-
Weight gain in a patient can signify?
Right sided heart failure
-
What happens to the cardio vascular system as a person ages?
- - Conduction is less effective
- - Artherosclerosis
- - Resting BP increases
- - Decreased HR
- - Vein valves are incompetent
-
The older adult with cardiovascular problems is at risk for ?
orthostatic hypotension
-
True or False: Older adults commonly have s & sx that are not typical of a disorder?
True
-
Edema and Jugular vein distention can signify ?
Right sided heart failure
-
Crackles and wheezes can signify?
Left sided heart failure
-
Measurements that are taken with the patient lying and sitting and standing to detect abnormal variations with postural changes?
Orthostatic hypotension
-
True or False: Edema can be palpated in the lower extremities and the sacrum
True
-
What is a holter monitor?
A portable ECG that records for up to 48 hours
-
What are some things that you should teach a patient who is going to where a holter monitor?
- To keep an accurate diary
- To push the event button if symptoms occur
- Not to take a shower or a bath
- Make sure you return
-
What is an Echocardiogram?
it is an ultrasound of the heart
-
What to teach the patient who is having a echo done?
There will be no discomfort and that gel will be applied
-
What should you monitor on a patient that is going for a thallium imaging?
- Monitor kidney fxn
- and assess for allergies
-
What does the CK MB measure?
any damage to heart muscle
-
What can a CK MB help to diagnose?
A MI
-
Cardiac Triponin measures?
cardiac cell protein
-
Which test is most accurate in diagnosing cardiac disease?
Triponin
-
Why would you monitor magnesium levels?
Because Mag is necessary to regulate heartbeat and blood pressure
-
What can an decreased Mag level cause?
cardiac arrhythmias
-
Uses dye injected into the vascular system to visualize the vessels on radiographs
Angiography
-
e What is the necessary prep for angiography?
- Consent
- Assess for allergies
- NPO for 4 hours prior
- tell patient that dye might feel hot/burning when injected
-
What is the post care for a angiography?
- Monitor vital signs
- monitor the injection site
- monitor pulses
-
Catheter inserted into the heart for data on oxygen saturation and chamber pressure
Cardiac Cath
-
What is the precare for a cardiac cath?
- Consent
- NPO
- Assess Allergies
-
What should you teach the patient that will happen during the cath?
- The table is hard and cold
- The table might move around
- Might have alittle pain as the cath is inserted
- Dye might be used
-
What is the post care for Cardiac Cath?
- VS
- Monitor circulation and sensation
- Monitor cath insertion site
- Apply pressure
- Immobilize extremity
-
An xray procedure that produces real time images to help guide insertion of the cath into the heart.
Fluroscopy
-
Therapeutic Measures for Cardio system?
- Diet -- decrease salt
- Oxygen-- relieve pain
- TEDS/SCDs
-
What are two juices that might interact with Coumadin?
Cranberry Juice and Grapefruit juice
-
When a patient is going for any cardiac surgery what medications might be with held?
Meds that will increase bleeding or reduce blood volume
such as anticoagulants
-
What is considered a normal BP?
- Systolic less than 120
- Diastolic less than 80
-
What is stage 1 hypertension parameters?
- 140 - 159 systolic
- 90 - 99 diastolic
-
Stage 2 hypertension parameters?
- 160 and above systolic
- 100 and above diastolic
-
Blood pressure is determined by?
cardiac output, peripheral vascular resistance, and viscosity
-
Primary hypertension pathophysiolgy
unknown cause
-
Secondary hypertension pathophysiology?
has a known cause usually a sign of another problem
-
How is hypertension diagnosed?
Through laboratory test
-
Risks that cannot be changed
non-modifiable risks
-
what are some non modifiable risks?
- family hx
- age
- gender
- ethnicity
- diabetes mellitus
-
Risks that can be changed
Modifiable risks
-
What are some examples of modifiable risks
- blood sugar levels
- activity level
- smoking
- diet
- alcohol intake
- sleep deficiency
-
What is one of the most important lifestyle modification ?
Weight reduction
-
What can you do with your diet to help lower BP?
- lower/reduce salt intake
- No salt substitutes
-
Reduce blood pressure by decreasing blood volume
Diuretics
-
Example of a thiazide diuretic?
hydrochlorothiazide (hydroDIURIL)
-
Example of a loop diuretic?
Furosemide (Lasix)
-
Example of a potassium sparing diuretic?
Spironlactone (aldactone)
-
What are the side effects of diuretics, (loop and thiazide)
- hypokalemia
- fatigue
- hypotension
-
What is a major side effect of a potassium sparing diuretic?
Hyperkalemia
-
What should you teach patients who are taking potassium sparing diuretics to avoid?
potassium rich foods such as oranges, bananas, salt substitutes and dried fruits
-
This drug decreases BP by decreasing impulses to the sympathetic nervous system
Beta Blockers
-
What is an example of a Beta Blocker
Metoprolol (Lopressor)
-
What are some side effects of Beta Blockers
- hypotension
- decreased HR
- fatigue
-
This drugs blocks sympathetic nervous system on Alpha1
Alpha 1 blockers
-
What is an example of an Alpha1 blocker
Minipress, Prazosin
-
What is an example of a combination Alpha1 and beta blockers?
Coreg
-
This drug blocks the production of angiotensin 2, and thus aldosterone cannot be produced?
ACE inhibitor
-
What is an example of an ACE inhibitor
Enalapril (Vasotec)
-
What are some side effects of ACE inhibitors?
Edema in HF patients and angioedema
-
What is an example of a Angiotensin 2 receptor Antagonist?
Losartan (Cozaar)
-
What are some side effects of ARB?
Edema in HF patients and angioedema
-
This drug blocks Calcium channels/movement which causes vasodilation
Calcium channel blocker
-
What is an example of a CCB/
Amlodipine (Norvasc)
-
What is a side effect of CCB?
Edema in lower extremities
|
|