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SQ3R
- a method using steps
- 1)Survey
- 2)Question
- 3)Read
- 4)Recite
- 5)Review
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Psychology
The study of behavior and mental processes
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Scientific Method
The procedure a scientist has to follow in order to research a problem, create a study, collect and go over data, make conclusions, and state their findings
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Theory
a generalized thought on explaining something
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Hypothesis
a prediction about how something is going to react
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Replication
repetition in verifying a finding
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Basic Research
done to find new knowledge, very broad
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Applied Research
specifically done to figure out a problem or improve life
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Structuralism
very basic ideas of the unconscious mind
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Functionalism
not just humans but animals adopted their thinking processes to the environment
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Christine Ladd-Franklin
completed PhD requirements and had to wait 40yrs for her diploma
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Mary Calkins
completed PhD requirements and refused to grant a doctorate to a woman, establish a lab, developed methods of studying memory, first female pres. of APA
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Margaret Washburn
received PhD, taught, wrote books on animal behavior and mental imagery
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Francis Sumner
first African American to receive a PhD in psych, translated more then 3,000 texts from German, French, & Spanish, "father" of A.A. psych
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Albert Beckham
1st psychological lab at an A.A. institution of higher ed.
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Kenneth Clark & Mamie Clark
studies of effects of racial segregation on younger kids and how it affects school (unconstitutional)
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George Sanches
cultural and linguistic bias in intelligent testing
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Behaviorism
determinant of behavior is environment, studies behavior
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Psychoanalysis
focuses on the unconscious (personality and treatment of disorders)
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Humanistic Psychology
Focuses on the specific human being and their choice, growth, health, etc.
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Positive Psychology
the study to see what drives people to stay happy in bad times
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Cognitive Psychology
study of how people think
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Gestalt Psychology
study of how people perceive things
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Information-processing theory
- computers mimic-ing human thinking to see
- mental structures and processes
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Evolutionary Psychology
study of survival and adaption
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Biological
link between behaviors and biological make-up
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Neuroscience
study of nervous system
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Sociocultural Approach
social and culture factors maybe factor in behavior
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Psychological Perspectives
points in explaining someones behavior
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Critical Thinking
evaluating whether logical or not
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Descriptive Research methods
descriptions of behaviors
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Naturalistic Observation
No control, natural habitat
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Laboratory Observation
studied in a lab
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Case Study
one/few people studied in depth
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Survey
group of people are asked questions
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Population
entire group that is being researched
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Sample
part of population to reach conclusions
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Representative Sample
a sample that mirrors what everyone else is like
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Correlation Method
used to establish a relationship between two things
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Correlation Coefficient
numerical value, -1 --> +1
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Experimental Method
cause-effect relationship between 2 or more variables
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Casual Hypothesis
prediction about cause-effect
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Variable
any factor that can be manipulated, controlled, or measured
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Independent Variable
deliberately manipulated
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Dependent Variable
stays the same
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Experimental Group
Exposed to independent variable
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Control group
not touched but in same environment
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Confounding Variables
Factors (not independent variables) that are not equal in each group
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Selection Bias
participants have to much similarity
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Random Assignment
a control for selection bias
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Placebo Effect
response is to what they think they should be feeling
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Placebo
harmless substance given as a control
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Experimenter Bias
when someones idea influences someone's behavior
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Double-blind technique
when both the people and scientists don't know who is in what group
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Quasi-experiments
groups that differ in exposure and cannot be changed due to ethical reasons
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Cross-cultural research
study of humans in different cultures
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Participant-related Bias
participants are not representing the generalized population
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Electroencephalogram (EEG)
a record of brainwave activity mad by a machine called the electroencephalograph
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Microelectrode
a small wire used to monitor the electrical activity of or stimulate activity within a single neuron
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CT Scan (Computerized Axial Tomography)
a brain-scanning technique that uses rotating, computerized x-ray tube to produce cross-sectional images of the structures of the brain
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MRI ( Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
A diagnostic scanning technique that produces high-resolution images of the structures of the brain
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PET Scan (Positron-Emission Tomography)
a brain imaging technique that reveals activity in various parts of the brain, based on patterns of blood flow, oxygen use, and glucose consumption
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Functional MRI (fMRI)
a brain-imaging technique that reveals both brain structure and brain activity more precisely and rapidly than PET
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Neuron
a specialized cell that conducts impulse through the nervous system
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Neurotransmitters
Specialized chemicals that facilitate or inhabit the transmission of impulses from one neuron to the next
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Cell Body
the part of a neuron that contain the nucleus and carries out metabolic functions of the neuron
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Dendrites
in a neuron, the branch-like extensions of the cell body that receive signals from other neurons
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Axon
the slender tall-like extension of the neuron that transmits signals to the dendrites or cell body of the neutrons and to muscles, glands, and other parts of the body
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Axon Terminal
bulbous end of the axon where signals move from the axon to the dendrites or cell body of another
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Glial Cell
specialized cells in the brain and spinal cord that support neurons, remove waste from products such as dead neurons, and perform other manufacturing, nourishing, and cleanup tasks
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Synapse
the junction where the axon terminal of a sending neuron communicates with a receiving neuron across the synaptic cleft
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Resting Potential
the slight negative electrical potential of the axon membrane of a neuron at rest, about - 70 millivolts
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Action Potential
the sudden reversal of the resting potential, which initiates the firing of a neuron
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Myelin Sheath
the white fatty coating wrapped around some axons that acts as insulation and enables impulses to travel much faster
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Receptors
protein molecules on the surface of dendrites and cell bodies that have distinctive shapes and will interact with only with specific neurotransmitters
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Reuptake
the process by which neurotransmitters are taken from the synaptic cleft back into the axon terminal for later use, thus terminating their excitatory or inhibitory on the receiving neutron
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Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
the nerves connecting the central nervous system to the rest of the body
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Central Nervous System (CNS)
the part of the nervous system comprising the brain and the spinal cord
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Sympathetic Nervous System
the devision of the autonomic nervous system that mobilizes the body's resources during stress and emergencies, preparing the body for action
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Parasympathetic Nervous System
the division of the autonomic nervous system that brings the heightened bodily responses back to normal following an emergency
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Spinal Cord
an extension of the brain, from the base of the brain through the neck and spinal column, that transmits messages between the brain and the peripheral nervous system
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Hindbrain
a link between the spinal cord and the brain that contains structures that regulate physiological functions, including heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure
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Brainstem
the structure that begins at the point where the spinal cord enlarges as it enters the brain and handles functions critical to physical survival. It includes the medulla, the reticular formation, and the pons
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Medulla
the part of the brainstem that controls heartbeat, blood pressure, breathing, coughing, and swallowing
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Pons
the bridge-like structure that connects the medulla and the cerebellum
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Reticular Formation
a structure in the brainstem that plays a crucial role in arousal and attention and that screens sensory messages entering the brain
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Cerebellum
the brain structure that helps the body execute smooth, skilled movements and regulates muscle tone and posture
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Midbrain
area that contains structures linking the physiological functions of the hindbrain to the cognitive functions of the forebrain
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Substantia Nigra
the structure in the midbrain that controls unconscious motor movements
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Forebrain
the largest part of the brain where cognitive functions as well as many of the motor functions of the brain are carried out
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Thalamus
a structure located above the brainstem, that acts as a relay station for information flowing into or out of the forebrain
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Hypothalamus
a small but influential brain structure that regulates hunger, thirst, sexual behavior, internal body temperature, other body functions, and a wide variety of emotional behaviors
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Limbic System
a group of structures in the brain, including the amygdala and hippocampus, that are collectively involved in emotional expression, memory, and motivation
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Amygdala
a structure in the limbic system that plays an important role in emotion, particularly in response to unpleasant or punishing stimuli
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Hippocampus
a structure in the limbic system that plays a central role in the storing of new memories, the response to new or unexpected stimuli, and navigational ability
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Cerebrum
the largest structure of the human brain, consisting of the two cerebral hemispheres connected by the corpus callosum and covered by the cerebral cortex
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Cerebral Hemisphere
the right and left halves of the cerebrum, cover by the cerebral cortex and connected by the corpus callosum; they control movement and feeling on the opposing side of the body
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Corpus Callosum
the thick band of nerve fibers that connects the two cerebral hemispheres and makes possible the transfer of information and the synchronization of activity between the hemispheres
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Cerebral Cortex
the gray, convoluted covering of the cerebral hemispheres that is responsible for the higher mental processes of language, memory, and thinking
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Association Areas
areas of the cerebral cortex that house memories and are involved in thought, perception, and language
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Lateralization
The specialization of one of the cerebral hemispheres to handle a particular function
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Left Hemisphere
the hemisphere that controls the right side of the body, coordinates complex movements, and, in most people, handles most of the language functions
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Right Hemisphere
the hemisphere that controls the left side of the body and, in most people, is specialized for visual-spatial perception
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Split-Brain Operation
a surgical procedure, performed to treat severe cases of epilepsy, in which the corpus callosum is cut, separating the cerebral hemispheres
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Frontal Lobes
the largest of the brain's lobes, which contain the motor cortex, Broca's area, and the frontal association areas
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Prefrontal Cortex
the part of the frontal lobes directly behind the forehead that controls executive processing, the coordination of multiple brain activities in pursuit of cognitive goals
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Motor Cortex
the strip of tissue at the rear of the frontal lobes that control voluntary body movement and participates in learning and cognitive events
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Broca's Area
the area in the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that controls the production of speech sounds
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Broca's Aphasia
an impairment in the physical ability to produce speech sounds or, in extreme cases, an inability to speak at all; cause by damage to Broca's area
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Aphasia
a loss or impairment of the ability to use of understand language, resulting from damage to the brain
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Parietal Lobe
the lobes that contain the somatosensory cortex (where touch, pressure, temperature, and pain register) and other areas that are responsible for body awareness and spatial orientation
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Somatosensory Cortex
the strip of tissue at the front of the parietal lobes where touch, pressure, temperature, and pain register in the cerebral cortex
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Occipital Lobe
the lobes that are involved in the reception and interpretation of visual information, the contain the primary visual cortex
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Primary Visual Cortex
he area at the rear of the occipital lobes where vision registers in the cerebral cortex
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Temporal Lobe
the lobes that are involved in the reception and interpretation of auditory information, they contain the primary auditory cortex. Wernicke's area, and the temporal association areas
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Primary Auditory Cortex
the part of each temporal lobe where hearing registers in the cerebral cortex
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Wernicke's Area
the language area in the left temporal lobe involve with comprehending the spoken word and in formulating coherent speech and written language
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Wernicke's Aphasia
aphasia that results from damage to Wernicke's area and in which the person's speech is fluent and clearly articulated but does not make sense to listeners
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Pruning
the process through which the developing brain eliminates unnecessary or redundant synapses
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Plasticity
the capacity of the brain to adapt to changes such as brain damage
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Stroke
an event in the cardiovascular system in which a blood clot or plug of fat blocks an artery and cuts off the blood supply to a particular area of the brain
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Endocrine System
a system of ductless glands in various parts of the body that manufacture hormones and secrete them into the bloodstream, thus affecting cells in other parts of the body
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Hormone
a chemical substance that is manufactured and released in one part of the body and affects other parts of the body
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Pituitary Gland
the endocrine gland located in the brain that releases hormones that activate other endocrine glands as well as growth hormone; often called the "master gland"
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Pineal Gland
the endocrine gland that secretes the hormone that controls the sleep/wakefulness cycle
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Thyroid Gland
the endocrine gland that procedures thyroxine and regulates metabolism
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Parathyroid Gland
the endocrine glands that produce PTH, a hormone that helps the body absorb minerals from the diet
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Thymus Gland
the endocrine gland that produces hormones that are essential to immune system functioning
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Pancreas
the endocrine gland responsible for regulating the amount of sugar in the bloodstream
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Adrenal Gland
a pair of endocrine glands that release hormones that prepare the body for emergencies and stressful situations and also release corticoids and small amounts of sex hormones
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Gonads
the ovaries in females and the testes in males; endocrine glands that produce sex hormones
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Genes
the segments of DNA that are located on the chromosomes and are basic units for the transmission of all hereditary traits
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Chromosomes
rod-shaped structures in the nuclei of body cells, which contain all the genes and carry all the genetic information necessary to make a human being
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Genotype
an individual's genetic makeup
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Phenotype
an individual's actual characteristics
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Dominant-Recessive Pattern
a set of inheritance rules in which the presence of a single dominant gene causes a trait to be expressed but two genes must be present for the expression of a recessive trait
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Polygenic Inheritance
a pattern of inheritance in which many genes influence a trait
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Multifactorial Inheritance
a pattern of inheritance in which a trait is influenced by both genes and environmental factors
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Behavioral Genetics
a field of research that uses twin studies and adoption studies to investigate the relative effects of hereditary and environment on behavior
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