Psych Set 1

• a method using steps
• 1)Survey
• 2)Question
• 3)Read
• 4)Recite
• 5)Review

The study of behavior and mental processes

The procedure a scientist has to follow in order to research a problem, create a study, collect and go over data, make conclusions, and state their findings

a generalized thought on explaining something

a prediction about how something is going to react

repetition in verifying a finding

done to find new knowledge, very broad

specifically done to figure out a problem or improve life

very basic ideas of the unconscious mind

not just humans but animals adopted their thinking processes to the environment

completed PhD requirements and had to wait 40yrs for her diploma

completed PhD requirements and refused to grant a doctorate to a woman, establish a lab, developed methods of studying memory, first female pres. of APA

received PhD, taught, wrote books on animal behavior and mental imagery

first African American to receive a PhD in psych, translated more then 3,000 texts from German, French, & Spanish, "father" of A.A. psych

1st psychological lab at an A.A. institution of higher ed.

studies of effects of racial segregation on younger kids and how it affects school (unconstitutional)

cultural and linguistic bias in intelligent testing

determinant of behavior is environment, studies behavior

focuses on the unconscious (personality and treatment of disorders)

Focuses on the specific human being and their choice, growth, health, etc.

the study to see what drives people to stay happy in bad times

study of how people think

study of how people perceive things

• computers mimic-ing human thinking to see
• mental structures and processes

study of survival and adaption

link between behaviors and biological make-up

study of nervous system

social and culture factors maybe factor in behavior

points in explaining someones behavior

evaluating whether logical or not

descriptions of behaviors

No control, natural habitat

studied in a lab

one/few people studied in depth

group of people are asked questions

entire group that is being researched

part of population to reach conclusions

a sample that mirrors what everyone else is like

used to establish a relationship between two things

numerical value, -1 --> +1

cause-effect relationship between 2 or more variables

prediction about cause-effect

any factor that can be manipulated, controlled, or measured

deliberately manipulated

stays the same

Exposed to independent variable

not touched but in same environment

Factors (not independent variables) that are not equal in each group

participants have to much similarity

a control for selection bias

response is to what they think they should be feeling

harmless substance given as a control

when someones idea influences someone's behavior

when both the people and scientists don't know who is in what group

groups that differ in exposure and cannot be changed due to ethical reasons

study of humans in different cultures

participants are not representing the generalized population

a record of brainwave activity mad by a machine called the electroencephalograph

a small wire used to monitor the electrical activity of or stimulate activity within a single neuron

a brain-scanning technique that uses rotating, computerized x-ray tube to produce cross-sectional images of the structures of the brain

A diagnostic scanning technique that produces high-resolution images of the structures of the brain

a brain imaging technique that reveals activity in various parts of the brain, based on patterns of blood flow, oxygen use, and glucose consumption

a brain-imaging technique that reveals both brain structure and brain activity more precisely and rapidly than PET

a specialized cell that conducts impulse through the nervous system

Specialized chemicals that facilitate or inhabit the transmission of impulses from one neuron to the next

the part of a neuron that contain the nucleus and carries out metabolic functions of the neuron

in a neuron, the branch-like extensions of the cell body that receive signals from other neurons

the slender tall-like extension of the neuron that transmits signals to the dendrites or cell body of the neutrons and to muscles, glands, and other parts of the body

bulbous end of the axon where signals move from the axon to the dendrites or cell body of another

specialized cells in the brain and spinal cord that support neurons, remove waste from products such as dead neurons, and perform other manufacturing, nourishing, and cleanup tasks

the junction where the axon terminal of a sending neuron communicates with a receiving neuron across the synaptic cleft

the slight negative electrical potential of the axon membrane of a neuron at rest, about - 70 millivolts

the sudden reversal of the resting potential, which initiates the firing of a neuron

the white fatty coating wrapped around some axons that acts as insulation and enables impulses to travel much faster

protein molecules on the surface of dendrites and cell bodies that have distinctive shapes and will interact with only with specific neurotransmitters

the process by which neurotransmitters are taken from the synaptic cleft back into the axon terminal for later use, thus terminating their excitatory or inhibitory on the receiving neutron

the nerves connecting the central nervous system to the rest of the body

the part of the nervous system comprising the brain and the spinal cord

the devision of the autonomic nervous system that mobilizes the body's resources during stress and emergencies, preparing the body for action

the division of the autonomic nervous system that brings the heightened bodily responses back to normal following an emergency

an extension of the brain, from the base of the brain through the neck and spinal column, that transmits messages between the brain and the peripheral nervous system

a link between the spinal cord and the brain that contains structures that regulate physiological functions, including heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure

the structure that begins at the point where the spinal cord enlarges as it enters the brain and handles functions critical to physical survival. It includes the medulla, the reticular formation, and the pons

the part of the brainstem that controls heartbeat, blood pressure, breathing, coughing, and swallowing

the bridge-like structure that connects the medulla and the cerebellum

a structure in the brainstem that plays a crucial role in arousal and attention and that screens sensory messages entering the brain

the brain structure that helps the body execute smooth, skilled movements and regulates muscle tone and posture

area that contains structures linking the physiological functions of the hindbrain to the cognitive functions of the forebrain

the structure in the midbrain that controls unconscious motor movements

the largest part of the brain where cognitive functions as well as many of the motor functions of the brain are carried out

a structure located above the brainstem, that acts as a relay station for information flowing into or out of the forebrain

a small but influential brain structure that regulates hunger, thirst, sexual behavior, internal body temperature, other body functions, and a wide variety of emotional behaviors

a group of structures in the brain, including the amygdala and hippocampus, that are collectively involved in emotional expression, memory, and motivation

a structure in the limbic system that plays an important role in emotion, particularly in response to unpleasant or punishing stimuli

a structure in the limbic system that plays a central role in the storing of new memories, the response to new or unexpected stimuli, and navigational ability

the largest structure of the human brain, consisting of the two cerebral hemispheres connected by the corpus callosum and covered by the cerebral cortex

the right and left halves of the cerebrum, cover by the cerebral cortex and connected by the corpus callosum; they control movement and feeling on the opposing side of the body

the thick band of nerve fibers that connects the two cerebral hemispheres and makes possible the transfer of information and the synchronization of activity between the hemispheres

the gray, convoluted covering of the cerebral hemispheres that is responsible for the higher mental processes of language, memory, and thinking

areas of the cerebral cortex that house memories and are involved in thought, perception, and language

The specialization of one of the cerebral hemispheres to handle a particular function

the hemisphere that controls the right side of the body, coordinates complex movements, and, in most people, handles most of the language functions

the hemisphere that controls the left side of the body and, in most people, is specialized for visual-spatial perception

a surgical procedure, performed to treat severe cases of epilepsy, in which the corpus callosum is cut, separating the cerebral hemispheres

the largest of the brain's lobes, which contain the motor cortex, Broca's area, and the frontal association areas

the part of the frontal lobes directly behind the forehead that controls executive processing, the coordination of multiple brain activities in pursuit of cognitive goals

the strip of tissue at the rear of the frontal lobes that control voluntary body movement and participates in learning and cognitive events

the area in the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that controls the production of speech sounds

an impairment in the physical ability to produce speech sounds or, in extreme cases, an inability to speak at all; cause by damage to Broca's area

a loss or impairment of the ability to use of understand language, resulting from damage to the brain

the lobes that contain the somatosensory cortex (where touch, pressure, temperature, and pain register) and other areas that are responsible for body awareness and spatial orientation

the strip of tissue at the front of the parietal lobes where touch, pressure, temperature, and pain register in the cerebral cortex

the lobes that are involved in the reception and interpretation of visual information, the contain the primary visual cortex

he area at the rear of the occipital lobes where vision registers in the cerebral cortex

the lobes that are involved in the reception and interpretation of auditory information, they contain the primary auditory cortex. Wernicke's area, and the temporal association areas

the part of each temporal lobe where hearing registers in the cerebral cortex

the language area in the left temporal lobe involve with comprehending the spoken word and in formulating coherent speech and written language

aphasia that results from damage to Wernicke's area and in which the person's speech is fluent and clearly articulated but does not make sense to listeners

the process through which the developing brain eliminates unnecessary or redundant synapses

the capacity of the brain to adapt to changes such as brain damage

an event in the cardiovascular system in which a blood clot or plug of fat blocks an artery and cuts off the blood supply to a particular area of the brain

a system of ductless glands in various parts of the body that manufacture hormones and secrete them into the bloodstream, thus affecting cells in other parts of the body

a chemical substance that is manufactured and released in one part of the body and affects other parts of the body

the endocrine gland located in the brain that releases hormones that activate other endocrine glands as well as growth hormone; often called the "master gland"

the endocrine gland that secretes the hormone that controls the sleep/wakefulness cycle

the endocrine gland that procedures thyroxine and regulates metabolism

the endocrine glands that produce PTH, a hormone that helps the body absorb minerals from the diet

the endocrine gland that produces hormones that are essential to immune system functioning

the endocrine gland responsible for regulating the amount of sugar in the bloodstream

a pair of endocrine glands that release hormones that prepare the body for emergencies and stressful situations and also release corticoids and small amounts of sex hormones

the ovaries in females and the testes in males; endocrine glands that produce sex hormones

the segments of DNA that are located on the chromosomes and are basic units for the transmission of all hereditary traits

rod-shaped structures in the nuclei of body cells, which contain all the genes and carry all the genetic information necessary to make a human being

an individual's genetic makeup

an individual's actual characteristics

a set of inheritance rules in which the presence of a single dominant gene causes a trait to be expressed but two genes must be present for the expression of a recessive trait

a pattern of inheritance in which many genes influence a trait

a pattern of inheritance in which a trait is influenced by both genes and environmental factors

a field of research that uses twin studies and adoption studies to investigate the relative effects of hereditary and environment on behavior