Gen Chem 1/2

atoms

Submicroscopic particles that constitute the fundamental building blocks of ordinary matter

2 or more atoms joined together in a specific geometrical arrangement

molecules

The science that seeks to understand the behavior of matter by studying the behavior of atoms and molecules

Chemistry

Set of procedures used to acquire knowledge and explain phenomena

Scientific method

• 1. Identify the problem
• 2. Collect Data
• A. Observe
• B. Experiment
• 3. Analyze information
• 4. hypothesis
• 5. More experiments to prove/disprove hypotheses

A law summarizes what happens, a theory is an attempt to explain why it happens

Anything that has mass and occupies space

matter

Measure of resistance of an object to change it's state of motion

mass

Force gravity exerts on an object to measure it's mass

weight

Solid, liquid, gas

definite shape, definite volume

solid

liquid

definite volume, indefinite shape

indefinite volume, indefinite shape

gas

• 1. One composed of only a single type of atom or molecule
• 2. Single kind of matter, that cannot be separated into other kinds of matter by physical means

1. A substance composed of two or more different types of atoms or molecules, that can be separated by physical means

1. Element 2. compound

A substance that cannot be chemically broken down into simpler substances

A substance ocmposed of two or more elements in fixed, definite proportions that can be broken down by chemical means

Homogeneous, heterogeneous

Same composition throughout, one distinctly visible phase.

Composition varies from region to region, two or more distince phases.

One that a substance displays without changing it's composition

One that a substance only displays by changing it's composition via a chemical change

Changes that alter only state or appearance, but not composition

Changes that alter the composition of matter

Process in which at least one new substance is produced as a result of a chemical change

Measure of the hotness/coldness of an object

F, C, K

C = K - 273.15

K= C + 273.15

C = 5/9(F-32)

F = 9/5 (C + 32)

10 to the 9 power

10 to the sixth power

10 to the third power

10 to the negative 1 power

10 to the negative 2 power

10 to the negative 3rd power

10 to the negative 6th power

10 to the negative 9th power

Ratio of the mass of an object to the volume the object occupies d= m/v

All digits that are certain plus the first uncertain digit

• 1. All non zero digits are significant
• 2. Confined zeros are significant
• 3. Leading zeros are not significant
• 4. Trailing zeros are significant if a decimal is present

Product or quotient has the same amount of sig figs as the number with the least amount of sig figs

Answer can be no more certain than the least certain digit

Do add/sub first followed by mult/div to find correct number of sig figs

Vale that has no uncertainty

How close you are to the actual answer

How repeatable your answer is

Ratio that converts a measurement expressed in one unit to another unit

2.54

453.6

In chemical reactions mass is conserved

A given compound always contains exactly the same proportion of elements by mass

When two elements form a series of compounds, the rations of the masses of the 2nd element that combine with 1 g of the first element can always be reduced to small whole numbers

1. each element is made up of tiny particles called atoms 2. Atoms of a given element are identical, atoms of different elements are different in some fundamental way (s) 3. Chemical compounds are formed when atoms of different elements combine, a given compound always has the same relative numbers and types of atoms 4. Chemical reactiosn involve the reorganization of atoms; changes in the way they are bound together, the atoms themselves are not changed

1. most of the atom's mass (99.9%) and all of ti's positive charge are contained in a small core called the nucleus 2. Most of the volume of the atom is empty space, throughout which tiny, negatively charged electrons are dispersed 3. There are as many negatively cahrged electrons outside the nucleus as there are positively charged particles with in the nucleus so the atom is neutral

1. Proton (+) 2. Electron (-) 3. Neutron (no charge)

Equals the number of protons

Equals the number of protons and neutrons

An atom/molecule with a net charge caused by the loss or gain of electrons

Positively charged atom

Negatively charged ion

Row on periodic table

Column on periodic table

1. Good conductors of heat and electricity 2. Malleable and ductile 3. Solids at room temp (except mercury) 4. Tend to lose electrons

1. Poor conductors of heat and electricity 2. Non malleable non ductile 3. Ten dto gain electrons

Semiconductors