Module 1

• Study of structure
• "cutting backwards", putting things together from slices

• Study of function
• includes homeostasis, which is the word used in class to refer to the systems that keep the body in balance

Structure which can be viewed without microscope

microscopic structure of tissue

Cell structure and function

• first 8 weeks of development
• related to developmental anatomy

all stages of development

Body structures visualized by Xray, CT or MRI

surface markings of the body

specific regions of the body

structure of specific systems

structural changes with disease

Functional properties of nerve cells

Functions of Kidneys

Hormones and how they control body functions

changes in cell and organ functions as a result of muscular activity

functions of the air passageways and lungs

How the body defends itself against disease-causing agents

function of the heart and blood vessels

Functional changes associated with disease and aging

• From smallest to largest:
• Chemical (atoms & molecular) 
• cellular (ex: smooth muscle cell)
• tissue (ex: smooth muscle tissue)
• organ: (stomach)
• system: (digestive stystem)
• organismal: YOU (as a whole person)

smallest units of matter (periodic table)

two or more atoms joined together

• Integumentary System
• Skeletal
• Muscular
• Nervous
• Endocrine
• Cardiovascular
• Lymphatic & Immune
• Respiratory
• Digestive
• Urinary
• Reproducative

• Skin ~ protects the body
• helps regulate body temp.
• eliminates some wastes
• helps make vit. D
• detects sensations such as touch

• supports and protects the body
• provides a surface area for muscle attachments
• aids body movements
• houses cells that produce blood

• produces body movements, such as walking
• stabilizes body position

• generates action potentials (nerve impulses) to regulate body activities
• detects changes in the body's internal and external environments
• interprets the changes, and responds by causing muscular contractions or glandular secretions

regulates body activities by releasing hormones, which are chemical messengers transported in blood from an endocrine gland or tissue to a target organ

• heart pumps blood through blood vessels
• blood carries oxygen and nutrients to cells and carbon dioxide and wastes away from cells
• helps regulate acid-base balance, temperature and water content of body fluids
• blood components help defend against disease and repair damaged blood vessels

• returns proteins and fluid to blood
• carries lipids from gastrointestinal tract to blood
• includes structures where lymphocytes that protect against disease-causing microbes mature and proliferate

• transfers oxygen from inhaled air to blood and carbon dioxide from blood to exhaled air
• helps regulate acid-base balance of body fluids
• air flowing out of lungs through vocal cords produces sounds

• achieves physical and chemical breakdown of food
• absorbs nutrients
• eliminates solid wastes

• produces, stores, and eliminates urine
• eliminates wates and regulates volume and chemical composition of blood
• helps maintain the acid-base balance of body fluids
• maintains body's mineral balance
• helps regulate production of red blood cells

• gonads produce gametes (sperm or oocytes) that unite to form a new organism
• gonads also release hormones that regulate reproduction and other body processes
• associated organs transport and store gametes
• only system completely different btwn sexes, differences in two systems called primary sexual characteristics

• dorsal = cranial and vertebral cavity
• Ventral = thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity

• within dorsal cavity
• formed by cranial bones and contains brain

• within dorsal cavity
• formed by vertebral column and contains spinal cord and the beginnings of spinal nerves

• Is chest cavity, superior portion of ventral cavity
• contains pleural cavity, pericardial cavity, and mediastinum

• each surrounds a lung
• the serous membrane of the pleural cavities is the pleura

• surrounds the heart
• the serous membrane of the pericardial cavity is the pericardium

• central portion of thoracic cavity btwn the lungs
• extends from sternum to vertebral column and from neck to diaphragm
• contains heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and several large blood vessels

the diaphragm

• inferior portion of ventral body cavity
• subdivided into abdominal and pelvic cavities

• contains stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, and most of large intestine
• the serous membrane of the abdominal cavity is the peritoneum

contains urinary bladder, portions of large intestine, and internal organs of reproduction

sheet of fat, connective tissue in front of abdominal organs

small pouch, where large and small intestine intersect

RUQ: liver

LUQ: spleen, left kidney

cecum, appendix

left overary

• Right hypochondriac region (hypochondriac=under ribs)
• Epigastric region (on top of stomach)
• Left hypochondriac region (again, under ribs)

• Right lumbar region (lumbar = lower back)
• Umbilical region - centered on umbilicus
• left lumbar region

• right inguinal region - (inguinal = groin) also called right iliac region
• hypogastric region - (hypogastric = below stomach) also called pubic region
• left inguinal region - (also called left iliac region)

skull, vertebral column, sternum, ribs

• arm: scapula, clavicle humerus, and down
• leg: pelvis, femur and down

the condition of equilibrium in the body's internal environment due to the constant interaction of the body's many regulatory processes

also called feedback loop; a cycle of events in which the status of a body condition is monitored, evaluated, changed, remonitored, reevaluated, and so on.

• receptor: monitors controlled condition, sends input to control center
• control center: receives input and provides output
• effectors: bring about a change in controlled condition

• reverses a change in a controlled condition
• actions stops automatically when setpoint is reached
• regulate conditions that remain fairly stable over long periods
• Ex: blood pressure, body temp, electrolyte balance, etc

• strengthen or reinforce a change
• action continues until it is interrupted
• reinforces conditions that do not happen very often
• Ex: childbirth, blood clotting

• Signs are what we can see: swelling, rashes, pus, fever
• Symptoms are what the patient tells us: nausea, pain, headache...

term for an illness characterized by a recognizable set of signs and symptoms which usually has a cure

• a set of signs/symptoms that often occur together
• we usually don't understand the relationship btwn the s/s & disorder
• no cure

occurs because of an imbalance of homeostasis from some sort of internal or genetically programmed abnormality. Ex: aging and gene mutations

something goes wrong with the homeostatic loop, part of body becomes altered, immune system recognizes alteration as "non-self" and attacks when it shouldn't

• disruptions in homeostasis by outside agents
• ex: infectious disease

• Contact transmission: direct(touching), indirect (shared objects), or droplet
• Common vehicle transmission: contaminated food, water, blood
• airborne transmission: only applies to pathogens, which stay alive in droplets or dust traveling

• shared objects
• Ex: doorhandles, desks, etc

if a disease that is transmitted by a "third party" (by an insect bite, bat, etc), then the animal is called a vector

people can be vectors, if they transmit the disease but do not appear to be sick, they are called carriers

occur in individuals here and there, with no evidence of widespread incidence in a population

more common in one geographic area than elsewhere, but occur at low to moderate levels in that area

occur at a higher than normal level in a population

• occur worldwide
• ex: HIV

the study of spread of disease

when a disease lowers the body's ability to fight off invading infectious illness

an infectious disease acquired in a hospital setting

nosocomial infection that came from external environment

nosocomial infection which arise from organisms already present in or on the patient

• 10^{12   =}   1,000,000,000,000
• Symbol : T

• 10⁹ = 1,000,000,000
• symbol: G

• 10⁶ = 1,000,000
• symbol: M

• 10³ = 1,000
• symbol: k

• 10² = 100
• symbol: h

• 10¹ = 10
• symbol: da

• 10^-1 = 0.1
• symbol: c

• 10^-2 = .01
• symbol: c

• 10^-3 = .001
• symbol: m

• 10^-6 = .000,001
• symbol: μ

• 10^-9 = .000,000,001
• symbol: n

• 10^-12 = .000,000,000,001
• symbol: p

1 inch = 2.54 centimeters

1 mile = 1.61 kilometers

1 ounce = 28.35 grams

1 pound = .45 kilograms

1 fluid ounce = 29.57 mililiters

1 kilogram = 2.21 pounds

• 1. Non-zero digits are always significant (2.34, 45.6, 123,456)
• 2. Leading zeros are never significant. (0.1, 0.211, 0.0033, 0.0004)
• 3. Confined zeros are always significant (245,001, 45,067, 87,002)