Anatomy Lecture 2 - Posterior Spine

• 33
• 7 - Cervical
• 12 - Thoracic
• 5 - Lumbar
• 5 - Sacral
• 4 - Coccygeal

• -Bifod spinous process. especially prominent on C2 (attachement for rectus capitis posterior major, oblicuus capitis inferior, and the spleniu cervicis)
• -7 vertebra and 8 vertebral nerve roots
• -Extremely mobile
• -C1 and C2 are atypical

the vertebral a. enter at C6 then go up to C1. When they meet up they become the basilar artery.

• No spinous process, instead has a posterior tubercal on the posterior arch
• No body.
• Articulates with the accipital condyles and the axis.
• Rotates around the dens or ondontoid process of the axis

• Has a large bifod spinous process
• Major origin site for muscle of the suboccipital triangle (Rectus capitis major and obliquus capitis inferior)

• Transition between the crevical and lumbar regions.
• Second lesat mobile due to the rib cage.
• Disc to body ration of 1:5 instead of 1:4 (Decreases mobility)
• Lond slender inferior projecting spinous process
• Atritcular factes for articulating with ribs

• Discs are shock absorbant - Heavy bodies for weight bearing
• 3/4 top and bottom of the body is covered by vertebral endplates. The rims are covered by the annuls fibrosus.

• Five fused vertebrae
• The most immobile segment
• 4 sacral foramina translating nerves S1- S4
• Base has superior facets that articulate with the inferior facets of L5

The vertebral artery is subject to entrapment with 90 degree turns.

Flexion and extension. Some slight rotation.

Both are convex. Also for more mobility. This is where the major rotation occurs as the atlas pivots around the dens or ondontoid process.

O, C1, and C2

• It is the remnant of the skeleton of the embryonic tail
• No pedicles lamina nor spinous process
• 4 fused bones

• They are symphyses joints (caritlaginous) because of the fibrous cartilage connecting the joints.
• Designed to bear weight. Also designed to handle radial pressure. We could say that the disc is primarily a ligament.

The annulus fibrosis and the nucleus pulposes.

It is an anchoring mechanism for the vertebral endplate. The outer 3rd of it is innervated. It has concentric layering to be able to handle radial pressure.

Contains Proteoglycan. At the lumbar part of the spine, the nucleus pulposes is located more posteriorly. It is 90% water at birth, and 70% water by 20yrs. No circulating blood.

It is a hydrophylic gelatinous microprotein and collagen. It conforms to pressure and absorbs water. It reacts adversly with blood.

The blood reacts with the proteoglycan causing inflammation.

Schmorl's node.

It is a zygapophysial joint (facet joint). These are synovial joints.

The compression can damage the highly innervated and vascular fatty plugs.

• Anterior Longitudinal Ligament
• Posterior Longitudinal Ligament
• Ligamentum Flavum
• Interspinous Ligament
• Supraspinous Ligament
• Ligamentum Nuchae

• The only ligament that prevents hyperextension.
• It runs from the sacrum to the anterior tubercle of C1 and the occipital.
• Strong and broad.

• Much more narrow and weak than the ALL.
• Attached more to the discs and less to the vertebral bodies.
• It is weak in resisting hyperflexion. It is highly innervated with nociceptive nerve endings.

Lines the whole inside of the lamina of each vertebrae. Thickens with age. When the muscle of the lateral raphe are pulled it pulls on the supraspinous ligament, which pulls on the interspinous ligament, which pulls on the ligamentu flavum, which is then lifted off of the vertebral formane, making more space for the spinal cord.

It is a fan shaped ligament that connects the spinous process and the supraspinous ligament.

It is a ligament that runs along the posterior aspect of the spinous process. It's not pain sensitive. It eventually becomes the ligamentum nuchea at it's most superior section.

It is many things. Primarily a ligament helping to connect the vertebrae. It is also shock absorbant and creates greater movement in the spine. It can be the source of pain and neural impingment when dysfunctional.

• O: Occipital bone, ligamentum nuchea, spinous process of C7 - T12
• I: Lat 3rd of Clavicle, acromion, and spine of scapula
• N: Accesory or cranial nerve 11
• A: Elevate from the upper fibers, retraction of scapula from middle fibers, and depression from lower fibers.

• O: Spinous process of inferior 6 thoracic vertebrea (T7-T12) Thoracolumbar fascia, Iliac crest, inferior 3 or 4 ribs
• I: Intertubercular groove of humerus
• N: Thoracodorsal n.
• A: Extends, Adducts and medialy rotates the humerus, elevates the body when climbing.
• *inserts close to the Teres Major.

• O: Xverse process of C1-C4
• I: Superior part of medial border of scapula
• N: Dorsal Scapular N.
• A: Elevates the scapula, rotates the head to the same side.

• O: Spinous process of T2-T5
• I: Medial border of scapula from level of spine to inferior angle.
• N: Dorsal Scapular N.
• A: Retracts the scapula and downwardly rotate the scapula

• O: Spinous process of C7-T1 and ligamentum Nuchae
• I: Smooth triangular area at medial end of scapular spine.
• N: Dorsal Scapula Nerve
• A: Retract and downwardly rotate the scapula

Trapezius, Latissimus Dorsi, Levator Scapula, Rhomboid Major and Minor

Serratus posterior superior and inferior

• O: Ligamentum Nuchae, spinous process of C7-T3
• I: 2nd - 5th rib
• N: Ventral Rami of first 3-4 Thoracic Nerves
• A: Elevates the superior 4 ribs to increase the size of the thorax

• O: Spinous process of T11-L2
• I: Inferior 3-4 ribs
• N: Ventral rami of the last 4 thoracic nerves
• A: Depress the inferior 3-4 ribs to prevent superior pull by the diaphragm

• Superficial Layer: Splenius capitis, Splenius Cervicis
• Intermediate Layer: Erractor Spinae Muscles:
• Iliocostalis: Lumborum, Thoracis, Cervicis
• Longissimus: Thoracis, Cervicis, Capitis
• Spinalis
• Deep Layer: Semispinalis (Thoracis, Cervicis, Capitis), Multifidus, Rotatores

• O: Ligamentum Nuchae nad spinous process of C7-T3
• I: Mastoid Process, Occipital bone
• N: Dorsal Primary Rami
• A: Rotate head and neck to the same sine, Neck and head extension

• O: Spinous Process of T3-T6
• I: Xverse process of C1-C4
• N: Dorsal Primary Rami
• A: Rotate the head and neck to the same side, Extend the head and neck

• O: Errector Spinae common tendon.
• I: Lumborum-angles of the inferior 6 ribs, Thoracis-From 6 lower ribs to six upper ribs, Cervicis-from 6 upper ribs to xverse process of C4-C6
• N: Dorsal Primary Rami
• A: Extend vertebral column and lateral flexion

• O: Errector Spinae common tendon.
• I: Thoracis-From lower lumbar and sacrum tolower 9 ribs and associate xverse processes, Cervicis-from xverse process of T1-T4-6 to xverse process of C2-C6, Capitis-From lower 4 cervical vertebra to mastoid process of temporal bone.
• N: Dorsal Primary Rami
• A: Extend vertebral column and lateral flexion

• O: Spinous process of T11-L2
• I: Spinous Process of upper 4-8 thoracic vertebrae
• N: Primary Dorsal Rami
• A: Extensors of Vertebral column

• O: From xverse processes of T1-T6
• I: Occipital bone
• N: Dorsal Rami of cervical Spinal Nerves
• A: Bilaterally extends head, Unilaterally rotates the head to the same side.

• From C2 to S4 region. Most prominent in the lumbar region
• O:Vertebral arches
• I: Spinous Processes. Spanning 203 vertebrae at a time.
• N Dorasl Rami of the spinal nerves
• A: Unilaterally-Flexes the trunk, rotates the vertebrea to opposite side. Bilaterally-extends the trunk

• Found aling the entire length of the vertebral column. Most discernable in the thoracic region
• O: xverse process
• I: superior spinous process
• N. Dorsal rami of spinal nerves
• A: Rotation of superior vertebrea to opposite side. Functionally more for proprioceotive sensory information generation.

80% in the body, 20% in the arch

Removal of the lamina of a vertebrae.

• Sup: Inferior vertebral notch
• Inf: Superior vertebral notch
• Lateral: Intervertebral disc, body of vertebrea, mass of the arch.

It gets thinner as it descends away from the brain. It is also flattened A-P

• Square like body with long spinous process.
• Slightly taller posteriorly, inducing a kyphotic curve.
• Has facets and demifacets for the ribs. House the costalvertebral joint and costaltransverse joint. Joints limit thoracic extension.

Posterolaterally. This may cause mechanical or chemical inrritaion, and/or irritate the nerve.

The tectorial Membrane.