-
The kidney is divided into 3 regions:
1.
2.
3.
- 1. cortex
- 2. medulla
- 3. pelvis
-
Blood enters the kidney through the ____________.
Renal artery
-
The renal artery divides into the _____________ that run through the medulla and into the cortex.
Afferent arteries
-
Each afferent arteriole branches into a convoluted network of capillaries called the _____________.
Glomerulus
-
The capillaries in the glomerulus converge into the ______________.
Efferent arteriole.
-
The efferent arteriole divides into a fine capillary network known as the ____________.
Vasa recta
-
The vasa recta enmeshes the nephron tubule and then converges into the _______________.
Renal vein.
-
During filtration, blood pressure forces 20% of the blood plasma entering the glomerulus into the _______________.
Bowman's capsule
-
The fluid and small solutes entering the nephron are called the ___________.
Filtrate
-
The filtrate is __________ with blood plasma.
isotonic
-
What type of molecules are able to pass/dissolve through the glomerulus?
- small molecules
- i.e. glucose
-
What type of molecules are NOT able to pass through the glomerulus?
- Large molecules: Proteins and Blood cells
- i.e. albumin
*These cells remain in the circulatory system.
-
The nephron secretes substances such as the following, from the interstitial fluid into the filtrate by both passive and active transport.
1.
2.
3.
-
Secretion maintains:
1.
2.
3.
- 1. blood pH
- 2. Potassium concentration in the blood
- 3. nitrogenous waste concentration in the filtrate
-
Reabsorption:
What substances are reabsorbed from the filtrate and returned to the blood?
1.
2.
3.
4.
- 1. glucose
- 2. salts
- 3. amino acids
- 4. water
-
The reabsorption of essential substances from the filtrate results to the formation of a concentrated urine, which is ____________ to blood.
Hypertonic
-
The nephron is selectively permeable.
a. true
b. false
True!
-
The following structures in the nephron are selectively permeable to water:
1.
2.
- 1. proximal tubule
- 2. descending limb of the loop of Henle
-
The ___________ is permeable only to salt.
lower ascending limb
-
In the presence of ADH, the walls of the collecting duct are permeable to 1. ____________, 2. ___________, but only slightly permeable to salt.
-
Tissue osmolarity __________ from cortex to inner medulla.
a. decreases
b. increases
increases
-
The salts that contribute to the maintenance of the gradient are:
1.
2.
- 1. Urea
- 2. salt (Na+, Cl-)
-
Urea diffuses out of the _____________.
Collecting duct
-
After the urea diffuses out of the collecting duct, it eventually re-enters the nephron by diffusing into the ____________.
Ascending limb
-
The reabsorption of organic molecules occurs via _____________.
Active Transport
-
The two hormones that regulate water reabsorption are :
1.
2.
-
Aldosterone is produced by the ___________.
Adrenal cortex
-
The hormone, _____________, stimulates the reabsorption of Na+ from the collecting duct, and the secretion of K+ .
aldosterone
-
Aldosterone secretion is regulated by the ___________________.
renin angiotensin system
-
ADH is also known as ___________.
Vassopressin
-
_____________ causes increased water reabsorption.
ADH
-
ADH acts directly on the _______________, increasing its permeability to water.
collecting duct
-
A high solute concentrate in the blood causes an increase or a decrease in ADH secretion?
increase
-
A low solute concentration in the blood increases or decreases ADH secretion?
decreases
-
The following inhibit ADH secretion:
1.
2.
-
What two substances can inhibit ADH secretion, causing excess excretion of dilute urine and dehydration?
-
The fluid exits the kidney via the _________, a duct leading to the bladder.
Ureter
-
Urine is excreted from the body through the __________.
Urethra
-
In a ____________ individual, the nephron reabsorbs all of the glucose entering it, producing glucose-free urine.
a. healthy
b. diabetic
healthy
-
The __________ regulates blood glucose levels and produces urea.
Liver
-
Glucose and other monosaccharides absorbed during digestion are delivered to the liver via the _______________.
Hepatic portal vein
-
Glucose-rich blood is processed by the ____________, which converts excess glucose glycogen for storage.
Liver
-
If the blood has a low glucose concentration, what does the liver do to re-establish homeostasis?
The liver converts glycogen into glucose and releases it into the blood, restoring blood glucose levels to normal.
*In addition, the liver synthesizes glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors via the process of gluconegenesis.
-
The ______________ is responsible for processing nitrogenous wastes.
Liver
-
Excess amino acids are absorbed in the small intestine and transported to the liver via the _____________.
Hepatic portal vein
-
Functions of the liver
- regulate glucose levels
- produce urea
- processing of nitrogenous wastes
- detoxification of toxins
- storage of iron and vitamin B12
- destruction of old erythrocytes
- synthesis of bile
- synthesis of various blood proteins
- defense against various antigens
- beta-oxidation of fatty acids to ketones
- interconversion of carbohydrates, fats, aa
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