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What is the World Health Organization (WHO) ?
the directing and coordinating authority for international health within the united nations
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What does the WHO do?
- coordinate a range of strategies aimed at reducing global burdens of disease and promoting human development
- records health statistics for each country
- publishes the World Health Report that highlights a specific health issue along with relevant statistics
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Developing countries are usually distinguished by these indicators:
- low income, less industrialised with more rural activities
- high mortality and low life expectancy, high under 5 and maternal mortality
- high prevalence of communicable diseases and poor access to healthcare services
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Developed countries are usually distinguished by these indicators:
- are industrialised and have higher incomes per person
- have very low under 5 and adult mortality as well as a high life expectancy
- have good access to health services, and high expenditure on health technologies and drugs
- have low levels of communicable diseases
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Mortality stratum A
- very low child mortality and very low adult mortality
- Australia Singapore USA Britain Japan
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Mortality stratum B
- low child mortality and low adult mortality
- China Indonesia Vietnam
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Mortality stratum C
- low child mortality and high adult mortality
- Ukraine Russian Federation Hungary
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Mortality stratum D
- high child mortality and high adult mortality
- India Afghanistan Iraq Nigeria
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Mortality stratum E
- high child mortality and very high adult mortality
- Zimbabwe Zambia South Africa
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the definition of Sustainability
meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs
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the Human Development Index (HDI) is a measurement that
- combines measures of life expectancy, literacy, education levels and income.
- provides a single statistic for human development within countries
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low income for individuals may mean limited access to
- health services
- medications
- education
- employment
- housing
- food
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what happens to countries when the population doesn't have access to employment and income?
countries cannot generate income from taxes which means that infrastructure (hospitals, schools) cannot be provided
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Gender equality is:
- the equal valuing of the roles of men and women
- overcoming stereotypes and prejudices so that both sexes equally contribute to, and benefit from, social, economic, cultural and political developments
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Gender Inequality is
- the social, economic, political and legal interpretation of the differences between sexes that leads to inequality
- having unequal access to education and health services
- social customs that force girls into early marriage and child bearing that have dangerous consequences to their health
- high levels of violence against women
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what impact can Conflict have on a country
infrastructure like hospitals and community resources may be damaged during conflict and take years to restore, impacting access to health services
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Political Stability leads to:
- improvement in economic and business environments
- increased incomes can improve access to health care, food security and education
- political stability means that money can be spent on health services rather than on military
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Education
- increases the awareness of health on a personal and community basis
- allows access to employment that can provide income to obtain adequate food, access to safe water, sanitation and health care
- provides knowledge about health, the prevention of disease, and sanitary hygiene practices
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to attain good health, the following should be accessible:
- education about disease
- adequate food supply, safe water and sanitation
- maternal and child health care
- immunisation
- essential drugs, often not available in developing countries
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Physical Environments can affect health through:
- lack of access to clean water and sanitation
- climate and weather, which can exert strong influences on health (heat waves, natural disasters)
- human induced climate change, which has implications for health as it may affect food and water supplies, and patterns of infectious diseases linked to ecosystem change (malaria)
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MDG 1:
eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
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MDG 2
achieve universal primary education
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MDG 3
promote gender equality and empower women
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MDG 4
reduce child mortality
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MDG 5
improve maternal health
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MDG 6
combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases
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MDG 7
ensure environmental sustainability
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MDG 8
develop a global partnership for development
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Importance of MDGs
- eradicating poverty can only be achieved through strong partnerships and increased action from rich countries by expanding trade, relieving debt, transferring technology and providing aid
- the MDGs place human wellbeing and poverty reduction at the centre of global development adjectives, and provide the building blocks for human development
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Health is
a complete state of physical, social and mental wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease
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Human Development aims to
- create an environment in which people can develop to their full potential and lead productive, creative lives in accord with their needs and interests.
- it places importance on participating in the life of the community and having input into decisions
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Sustainability means
meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
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