Anatomy Lecture 1 - Skeletal System and joints

Skull, Spinal column, sacrum, ribs.

Limbs, pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle.

Protection (for vital structures), Support (for body and vital cavities), Mechanical basis for movement (leverage), Blood cell production (bone marrow), Storage (salts)

Tubular in form. Femur, radius, Ulna, etc.

Cuboidal, ankle and wrist.

Usually serve as a protective function. Skull, scapula, ribs.

Various shapes. Face, Vertebrae

Develope in certain tendons. Patella. Two on the side of the Flexor hallicus tendon.

rounded areticular area

Ridge of bone. Iliac and scapula

eminence superior to a condyle. usually for a ligament

Smooth flat area usually covered with cartilage, where a bone articulates with another bone.

Passage through a bone

hollow or depressed area

elongated depression

Linear elevation

rounded process

indentation at the edge of a bone

projection of bone

thorn like process

Projecting spine like part

large blunt elevation, on the femur

large rounded elevation

small raised eminence

• Ossify - 8 weeks
• Complete - 20 yrs
• Derived from Mesenchyme (embryonic connective tissue)

• Intramembranous: (membranous formation) mesenchymal models of bone from during the embryotic persion and direct ossification begins during fetal period.
• Endochondral: (cartilaginous formation) catilage models form from mesenchtme during fetal period, bone subsequently replaces most of the caritlage.

Through endochondryal ossification

By means of hte Haversian system

The nutrient artery and vein.

It is distributed in the bone through the periosteal artery, the epiphesial artery and the metaphyseal artery

It suffers avascular necrosis. Usually the scaphoid and the head or neck of the femur.

• Fibrous - United by fibrous tissues (sutures, sydesmoses)
• Cartilagenous - United by hyaline or fibrous cartilage (synchondrosis, symphysis)
• Synovial - Most movable joints

United by fibrous tissue. Sutures in cranium. Also, syndesmosis between the radius and ulna (interosseous membrane). Gomphosis between root of teeeth and alveolar process of jaw.

• Joints connected primarily by hyaline of fibro cartilage.
• Sychondroses, 1st rin and the manubrium, epiphyseal plate
• Symphyses, Intervertebral joints, pubic symphysis

• 1. Cavity
• 2. Cavity is lined witha synovial membrane which sercretes synovial fluid
• 3. Articular cartilage
• 4. Fibrous joint capsule

• Plane or gliding: The carpals and tarsals, facet joints or vertebrae, AC joint
• Hinge: Knee, elbow, interphalangeal
• Saddle: Thumb
• Ball and socket: glenohumeral, hip
• Pivot: atlanto-axial joint,

• Intrinsic Ligaments: between carpal bones alone
• Extrinsic Ligamnets: between carpal and metacarpal bones
• Intraarticular Ligaments: Inside like the ACL and PCL
• Extrarticular ligaments: Outside like the lateral and medial longitudinal ligaments

• Hyaline
• Fibrous
• Elastix

Covers articular surfaces. Does not regenrate. If damage, heals over with fibrous carilage. Like teflon, provides smooth, low friction gliding surfaces. Avascular, relies on compression and decompression to be nurished with synovial fluid.

Rigid but elastic framework. Epiglotis, ear

Rigid and fibrous. Intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, Menisci

Articular arteries arise from the vessels around the joints. The often anastomose (communicate) to form networks (periarticular arterial anastomoses) to assure blood supply across joint in all positions. Articular veins accompany the articular arteries.

Articular nerves arise from branches of cutaneous nerves supplying the over lying skin.

Nerves supplying a joint also supply the muscles moving the joint and the skin covering their distal attachments.

Articular nerves ytransmit sensory impulses from the joint that contribute to the sense of proprioception, which provides an awareness of movement and position of the parts of the body. The synovial membrane is relatively insensitive.. The fibrous tissue has much more sensation.

Periosteum

Endosteum

The medullary cavity.