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- author "me"
- tags "Gen chem, molecules, quantum atoms"
- description ""
- fileName "Atoms molecules and quantum, mechanics"
- freezingBlueDBID -1.0
- What are the characteristics of metal. What is responsible for these characteristics
- Lustrous, ductile (easily stretched), malleable (shapable), thermally and electrically conductive. The way the electrons exist in a sea
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Describe group 1A elements
They are the alkali metals. They form soft solids with low melting points and easily form +1 cations.
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Deascribr group 2A elements
Alkaline earth metals. They are harder, more dense and have higher melting temps than alkali metals. They form +2 cations and are less reactive than alkali metals. Heavier ones are more reactive than lighter ones.
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Describe group 4A elements
These elements form four covalent bonds with nonmetals. Only carbon can make strong pi bonds
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Describe group 5A elements
Form 3 covalent bonds. All but nitrogen have d orbitals and can form 5 covalent bonds.
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What two items of info allow you to predict the charge on transition metal ions
- 1: electrons are lost from highest energy shell first
- 2: ions look for symmetry. Representative elements make form noble gas electron configuration. Transition metals even out electrons I n d orbitals.
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What are the representative elements. What are the transition elements
- Representative: all the group A
- Transition: all the group B
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What are the periodic trends
- Energy of ionization
- Electron affinity
- Electronegativity
- Atomic radius
- Metallic character
- Acidity - increases left to right, top to bottom
- All beginning with "E" have trends increasing from left to right and bottom to top
- Other two increase right to left and top to bottom
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Describe the difference between a group and a family on a periodic table
There is no difference. They are synonomous
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Atomic number vs mass number and symbols for each
- Atomic number: defines an element and represents the number of protons (Z)
- Mass number: approximates the MW of an element by adding the number of neutrons to protons. (A)
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Def an amu/dalton
- Amu is actually a mass
- 1 amu = 1 C(12) atom
- 6.022*10^23 amu= 1 gram
- The atomic weight, or molar mass of an atom.
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Define a compound, emperical formula, molecule, and molecular formula
- Compound: a substance made from two or more elements in a defines ratio
- Empirical formula: gives the ratio of one element to another in a compound
- Molecule: units of repeated and distinct groups of elements. Water is a molecule. Saline is a compound
- Molecular formula: the exact number of elements found in a molecule
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Def percent mass of an element in a molecule. How do you find the empirical formula from mass percent
- Mass percent=(Mass of the element)/(mass of the molecule)
- Empirical formula = [ (mass percent of an atom in a molecule * 100g)/(mol weight of of that atom)= moles of that atom. Compare ratios of the miles of each atom
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How to name cations
- Cations first (with roman numerals for charge) or -ic to the end of cations with greater charge and -ous to cations with lesser charge
- If cations is a nonmetal, it ends in -ium (ie. Ammonium)
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How to name anions
- Monatomic and polyatomic ions get suffix -ide (hydroxide = OH- or Hydride= H-)
- Polyatomic anions with multiple O's end with -ite or ate (more O's). If more possibilities exist, add hypo- or hyper- prefixes
- If oxyanion has a hydrogen, add the word hydrogen to front
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How to name ionic compounds
Put cations first
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How to name Acids
- Based on anion. If the anion ends in -ide, acid begins with hydro- and ends in -ic.
- If an oxyacid, -ic is used for species with more O's,and -ous for less
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How to name binary molecular compounds
Name begins with element farthest to left and lowest in periodic table, second gets suffix -ide. Use Greek number prefixes as necessary.
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What are the fundamental reaction types
- 1: combination
- 2: decomposition
- 3: single displacement
- 4 double displacement
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Name, define the quantum numbers, describe how to derive them
- Principal quantum number(n): designates shell level (outermost shell is given by period for representative elements, lags one for transition, lanth/actinides lag 2 periods)
- Azimthumal quantum number (l): designates subshell/orbital shape. (l=n-1; 0=s, 1=p, 2=d 3=f)
- Magnetic quantum number (m_l): designates precise orbital. (m_l= (-)l-l)
- Electron spin quantum number m_s): (-/+)1/2
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Def Pauli exclusion principle, Heisenberg uncertainty principle, and Aufbau principle
- Pauli exclusion: no 2 electrons can have the same four quantum numbers
- Heisenberg uncertainty: cannot know momentum and location of an electron at the same time
- Aufbau: electrons fill the lowest available energy orbitals first
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What is Planck's quantum theory and what is the equation
- Planck's quantum theory: electromagnetic energy is quantized
- (d)E= hf
- H=plancks constant f= frequency
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Define the photoelectric effect
- Photoelectric effect: one-to-one photon to electron collision
- Which proves light is made up of particles
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Define diamagnetic and paramagnetic atoms. What is the significance.
- Diamagnetic: element with all valence shells filled completely. This means opposite spins of electrons in each shell cancel each other out and the atom has no magnetic characteristics.
- Paramagnetic: atom who has unpaired electrons in outer valence shell. Because all or some of the electrons do. Not have an oppositely spinning electron paired with them, they have magnetic character.
- Significance: diamagnetic are repelled by external magnetic forces and parq are attracted.
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