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Phases of Development
- Phase 1
- -Inappropriate development
- -Degrades the environment
- -Increases wealth
- -Reduces stress
- -Inappropriate development
- -Degrades the environment
- -Etc…
- Phase 2-Inappropriate development
- -Degrades the environment
- -Decreases wealth
- -Increases stress
- Phase 3
- -Sustainable development
- -Improves the environment
- -Increases wealth
- -Reduces stress
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Diamonds in Sierra Leone
- -Giant hole that you can see from space
- -Lost of the resources that need to be mined are not directly benefiting the government because another company or country comes in to make a deal saying they will build roads, schools, hospitals and provide food if they give them the rights to natural resources.
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The dimensions of sustainability
- 1. Technical and economical viability (success)
- 2. Social acceptance
- 3. Carry capacity (eco-centric concern)
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Will technology save the world?
- -Technology is not nesseserally the way to go. -It can even do a huge amount of damage to us.
- -We need science and technology to solve problems that have been created by science and technology
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Desertification
- -degrading the land so bad that it becomes a desert.
- -It’s different from naturally occurring deserts.
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Desertification: China
- -Sand storms in Beijing, China
- -The sandstorms are so bad that sometimes they travel into Korea.
- -17% of China is now desert.
- -Farming and misuse of water contribute to the desertification of china.
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Desertification: Agobe Desert
- -China
- -expanded because the trees were cut out and the land was turned into farming land.
- -Because the trees were taken out, the temperature increases
- -no trees to stop the winds, the desert expanded.
- -Planting trees back would logically stop the desert from expanding and prevent sand storms.
- -Because they planted fast growing trees, which were not the trees that were native to the desert, these fast growing trees were water dependent.
- -These trees would suck out the water out of the ground and contribute to desertification even more.
- -Some trees that were planted were cut down because people were still cold and needed to fuel their homes to keep them warm.
- -Soil is continually being degraded by pollution so the trees are not growing as well because the soil is bad.
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Root types
- *plants must have the correct root system for the environment it's in
- 1.Taproot
- -main root
- -can reach underground for water
- -hard pull out
- 2.Fibrous root
- -spread out horizontally as tall as the tree is. Requires more surface water
- 3.Deep tap root
- -long roots that can reach out all the way to the ground water.
- -These roots hold the soil together and keep them in place.
- -All of these tap roots provide nutrients to the soil
- 4. Succulent root
- -roots you find in hot places.
- -Shallow roots
- -Sufficient on surface water
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Root cracks
-trees can grow through trees
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Depleted soils
- -prevent productivity
- -happens from overgrazing and overplanting
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Over cultivation of the Sahel
- -Sahel was a productive area in sub Saharan Africa.
- -Because of overplanting, the soils and the area depleted.
- -Mechanical cultivation does a lot of soil damage because it goes deeper into the ground.
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Overgrazing: Lesotho
- -Removes the biomass.
- -All of the weight of the cattle compacts and tramples the ground.
- -South Africa is using Lesotho’s water for money even though they need the water to survive.
- -Lesotho is in permanent crisis.
- -1 in 3 has HIV and Aids
- -90% of farmers have no water reserves
- -Lesotho is surrounded by south Africa.
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Cattle vs. Sheep
- -Sheep do not belong in Africa, they have been introduced
- -Sheep graze so intensively that they cut so close to the root that nothing can graze afterwards.
- -Cows graze from the top like the law mower.
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Rills and Erosion
- -Rills: So much water had gone down that it carves itself into the soil.
- -this creates an extremely hard desert like surface, preventing things from growing.
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Cisterns
- -giant containers of water
- -As people are moving their cattle around, they will have access to water.
- -It’s made to encourage the cattle for moving around.
- -Even though it’s in their best interest to keep moving around, they collect around the source of water, grazing all the grass around that area and finishing the water.
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Masai Herding
- -Native tribe that rotate their cattle according to laws of nature.
- -The cows know how to find the water, so the masai follow the cows and rotate around to prevent overgrazing
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Western Practices
- -Fencing off the cattle contributes to overgrazing.
- -Just because it works in one country, it’s not going to work in another country.
- -People come in and teach natives how to be better according to what they do in their own country, without taking the time to learn what this environment needs.
- -Annual drought period contributes to overgrazing and sick cattle.
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Haiti/Dominican Republic
- -You can see the border between the two from space.
- -When it stops being green, its Haiti. -Reforestation had failed because people cut down the trees to keep warm
- -Haiti is in poverty especially after getting their independence.
- -Once you have so much devastation it’s hard to get out of it.
- -Hurricanes and mud slides are common in Haiti.
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Green wall of china vs. Green wall of Sahel
- 1. Green wall of Sahel
- -Sahel is not tree replanting
- -focusing on agricultural land security, food and sustainability.
- -It’s part of the plan to reduce poverty
- 2. Green wall of china
- - planting the trees to prevent from the desert from coming in and protecting the people of China.
- -Planting around the vegetation made a huge difference and let the trees grow and the environment thrive.
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Aral sea
- -is vanishing
- -The reason the Aral sea disappeared was because of the USSR redirecting the water from the Aral Sea.
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Classifying developing nations
- -A country has a say whether it can be classified as developing or not.
- -Classified as a developing nations gives you perks, including getting aid.
- -There are nations that you’d think is a developing nations but they are not.
- -You can’t go back retroactively and declare development.
- -Khasakastan is a developing nation but not classified as such.
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Owens Lake, California
Sucked the water out of the lake for LA and now it’s not there.
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