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Two functions of the circulatory system
- 1. Delivers O2
- 2. Removes waste (CO2) to lungs and kidneys for excretion
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What is epistaxis?
Nosebleeds
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Definition of shock
Failure of the circulatory system to adequately perfuse the body
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Hypoperfusion
Decreased blood flow through an organ; if prolonged can result in shock
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Hypovolemic shock
shock resulting from low blood volume caused by excessive bleeding, GI illness, fever, diabetes, etc.
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Signs and symptoms of blood loss
Constriction of veins, arteries, increased heart rate, rate of breathing.
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Effects of epinephrine
- 1. cardiac output is increased
- 2. blood flow to the brain increases
- 3. pupils dilate
- 4. blood flow is redistributed (causes pale, cool, clammy skin)
- 5. respiratory rate increases
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What is anemia?
low supply of hemoglobin
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Describe arterial bleeding
spurting, pulsatile, red.
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Describe capillary bleeding
continuous, oozing, dark red
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Describe venous bleeding
Continuous, dark red or purple, superficial flow
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Methods of bleeding control
- 1. direct pressure
- 2. elevation
- 3. pressure points
- 4. splinting if applicable
- 5. tourniquet
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Epistaxis can result from what 4 things?
- 1. trauma to the skull
- 2. digital trauma (nose picking)
- 3. medical conditions (high blood pressure, sinusitis, etc)
- 4. Coagulation or clotting disorders
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Cardiogenic shock is what?
caused when the heart can no longer pump blood adequately resulting in a decrease in cardiac output and then a decrease in perfusion
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Signs of cardiogenic shock
- edema, distended veins, (back up in systemic side),
- or shortness of breath, noisy breathing caused by fluid in the lungs.
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Patient positions for cardiogenic shock
Position of comfort. Sitting if tolerated, aids breathing. Supine if pt is weak with AMS.
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Conditions that cause vasodilatory shock
anaphalaxis and spinal cord injuries
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Define vasodilatory shock
when the vascular system loses its ability to constrict and blood pressure falls
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Septic shock
resulting from massive infection caused mainly from vasodilation. Further complicated by leakage of fluid through the blood vessel walls, resulting in hypovolemia
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Basic treatment for shock
- 1. ABCs
- 2. High concentration O2
- 3. If applicable, splint bone or joint injuries, immobilize on backboard
- 4. Maintain body temp with blankets
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Signs of shock mneumonic
- T-thirst
- V-vomiting and nausea
- S-sweating
- P-pulse, weak and rapid
- A-AMS, including anxiety
- R-respirations, shallow and rapid
- C-cool and cyanotic skin
- U-Unresponsive
- B-BP increases early and decreases late
- E-eyes blank or dialated
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