Endocrine

hormones are chemical messengers that regulate bodily functions

• can be free molecules, such as with amines
• or bound to transport carriers such as with steroids

• Hypothalamus release of trophic hormones and pituitary release of hormones to glands
• negative feedback

• According to structure
• amines
• peptides
• steroids

the cell makes more receptors

the cell makes fewer receptors

• Opposite of hyperthyroidism
• Reduced metabolism
• Cold
• Weight gain
• Hoarse voice
• Bowel problems
• Heart problems

• Horse voice (neigh)
• Bowel problems
• Cold
• Weight gain
• Reduced metabolism
• Goiter

• Can be congenital or acquired
• Acquired is myxedema

• Results from adrenal hyperfunction
• This means too much Cortisol is being released
• This can result in diabetes

Autoimmune beta cell destruction

Cushing's and acromegally

• vascular - macrovascular and microvascular
• neuropathic - autonomic and sensory
• kidney

• large vessel damage
• stroke
• atherosclerosis
• heart attack

• Thickening of the basement membrane of capillaries
• retinopathy
• nephropathy

• GI
• Bladder dysfunction
• Postural hypotension
• Sexual dysfunction

• Parathesias
• Pain
• Loss of function

Excess glucose passing through nephrons causes stretching so much that the Bowman's capsule cannot allow filtrate into the glomerulus properly, so the glomerulus becomes so scarred that kidney failure will result