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Psychology is the scientific study of ______ and _______.
behavior and mind
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Scientific knowledge is based on _________.
observation
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Psychologists infer how the mind works from directly measuring________
behavior
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_____ psychologists diagnose and treat psychological problems
clinical
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____________ psychologists extend the principles of scientific psychology to practical, everyday problems in the real world
applied
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___________ psychologists conduct experiments and collect data to discover the basic principles of behavior and mind
research
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Modern psychology developed out of the disciplines of ___________ and ______________.
philosophy and physiology
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________ believed that the mind is separate from the body, which the mind controls through the pineal gland.
Descartes
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Modern psychologists believe that the mind and body are the same because the _____ is what the brain does.
mind
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________ holds that we learn everything through experience.
empiricism
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_____ holds that certain kinds of knowledge and ideas are innate (inborn).
nativism
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________ proposed that natural selection guides evolution and that certain tendencies are inherited
Darwin
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Today, virtually all psychologists accept that psychological characteristics are influenced by both _________ and ________.
- genes or nature
- and
- experience or nurture
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___________ was founded by Wundt, who established an experimental lab to study the elementary components of immediate experience and how they add up to a meaningful whole
Structuralism
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__________ was developed by North American psychologists who studied the adaptive purpose (function) of immediate experience
functionalism
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__________, led by Watson, was based on the premise that because immediate conscious experience cannot be observed, measurable behavior is the proper subject of psychology
behaviorism
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Freud was a neurologist and clinician who developed _________, which used dreams and free association to analyze both the mind and ______ determinants of behavior.
psychoanalysis
unconscious
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Rogers and Maslow rejected Freud's pessimism and focused instead on positive traits. ______ psychology holds that we control our destinies and can attain our full potential as human beings.
humanistic
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___________ who developed a paired-association technique, was the first female president of the American Psychological Association.
Calkins
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_____ was the first woman to receive a doctorate in psychology and is well known for her behavioral views on consciousness.
Washburn
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_______ helped pioneer the study of sex differences.
Wooley
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_____ and _____ did significant work on color vision and perception.
Ladd-Franklin and Martin
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_____ made important contributions to the study of clinical and developmental psychology.
Howard
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_____ contributed significantly to the study of ethnic issues
Bernal
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_______ means that information is selected from many different sources rather than just one.
Eclectic
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Cognition is the process of knowing that involves learning _______, and reasoning an that importantly influences behavior.
memory
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Biology influences thought and behavior. Certain psychological problems may be caused by imbalances among the _________ messengers in the brain.
chemical
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___________ factors may be the basis for the thoughts and actions that are controlled by innate mental mechanisms.
Evolutionary
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Culture is influenced by the thoughts and actions of group members along with their shared ________, customs, and beliefs.
values
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