Test 3 - Speedback 1 - Respiratory System.txt

The roof of the nasal cavity is formed by parts of the frontal bone.
True False

The olfactory mucosal lining of the nasal cavity contains the receptors for the sense of smell.
True False

The functions of the nasal conchae are to enhance the air turbulance in the cavity and to increase the mucosal surface area exposed to the air.
True False

Paranasal sinuses seem to have no useful function
True False

The pleura is a thin, single-layered serosa that divides into parietal and visceral pleura.
True False

Intralpleural pressure is normally about 4mm Hg less than the pressure in the alveoli.
True False

During normal quiet breathing, aproximately 750ml of air moves into and out of the lungs with each breath.
True False

The alveolar ventilation rate is the best index of effective ventilation.
True False

In chronic bronchitis, mucus production is decreased and this leads to the inflammation and fibrosis of the mucosal lining of the bronchial tree.
True False

Labored breathing is termed dispenea.
True False

The largest amount of carbon dioxide is transported in the bloodstream in the form of carbonic anhydrase.
True False

Each lung has an indention, the pelvis, through which blood vessels enter and leave the lung.
True False

The epiglottis is a smooth muscle that covers the glottis during swallowing.
True False

Increased temperature results in decreased O2 unloading from hemoglobin.
True False

The events of Valsalvaʹs maneuver include closing off the larynx by muscle action (i.e., the rising of the intraabdominal pressure causing holding of the air in the lower respiratory tract).
True False

Smoking diminishes ciliary action and eventually destroys the cilia.
True False

Tracheal obstruction is life threatening.
True False

The paired lungs are located in the mediastinum.
True False

The parietal pleura lines the thoracic wall.
True False

The average individual has 500 ml of residual volume in his lungs.
True False

Atelectasis (lung collapse) renders the lung useless for ventilation.
True False

The Hering-Breuer reflex is a potentially dangerous response that may cause overinflation of the lung.
True False

Strong emotions and pain acting through the limbic system activate sympathetic centers in the hypothalamus, thus modulating respiratory rate and depth by sending signals to the respiratory centers.
True False

As carbon dioxide enters systemic blood, it causes more oxygen to dissociate from hemoglobin (the Haldane effect), which in turn allows more CO2 to combine with hemoglobin and more bicarbonate ion to be generated (the Bohr effect).
True False

Daltonʹs law states that the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures exerted independently by each gas in the mixture.
True False

Oxygenated hemoglobin releases oxygen more readily when the pH is more basic.
True False

Nasal conchae mainly work on inhalation to warm and moisten air. They serve minor functions for
exhalation.
True False

Under certain conditions, the vocal folds act as a sphincter that prevents air passage.
True False

Apneustic breathing is characterized by prolonged inspirations.
True False

Air and food are routed into the proper channels by the ________.
A) larynx
B) trachea
C) pharynx
D) carina

The loudness of a person's voice depends on ________.
A) the force with which air rushes across the vocal folds
B) the strength of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles
C) the thickness of vestibular folds
D) the length of the vocal folds

The walls of the alveoli are composed of two types of cells, type I and type II. The function of type II is ________.
A) to protect the lungs from bacterial invasion
B) to trap dust and other debris
C) to replace mucus in the alveoli
D) to secrete surfactant

After the segmental (tertiary) bronchus, the next smaller branch of the respiratory passageway is (are) the ________.
A) terminal bronchioles
B) alveolar ducts
C) atrium
D) respiratory bronchiole

The smallest macroscopic subdivision of the lung is the ________.
A) pleura
B) primary bronchiole
C) lobule
D) extrinsic ligament

The pleurae are vital to the integrity of the lungs because ________.
A) they contain cilia that protect the lungs
B) they maintain the proper temperature of the lungs during sleep
C) they produce a lubricating serous secretion, allowing the lungs to glide over the thorax wall during
D) they control the volume of the lungs
breathing

Intrapulmonary pressure is the ________.
A) difference between atmospheric pressure and respiratory pressure
B) negative pressure in the intrapleural space
C) pressure within the pleural cavity
D) pressure within the alveoli of the lungs

The relationship between the pressure and volume of gases is given by ________.
A) Charlesʹ law
B) Boyleʹs law
C) Henryʹs law
D) Daltonʹs law

The statement, ʺin a mixture of gases, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of gases
in the mixtureʺ paraphrases ________.
A) Charlesʹ law
B) Daltonʹs law
C) Henryʹs law
D) Boyleʹs law

Surfactant helps to prevent the alveoli from collapsing by ________.
A) protecting the surface of alveoli from dehydration and other environmental variations
B) humidifying the air before it enters
C) interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecules, thereby reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluid
D) warming the air before it enters

For gas exchange to be efficient, the respiratory membrane must be ________.
A) at least 3 micrometers thick
B) 0.5 to 1 micrometer thick
C) The thickness of the respiratory membrane is not important in the efficiency of gas exchange
D) between 5 and 6 micrometers thick

With the Bohr effect, more oxygen is released because ________.
A) a decrease in pH (acidosis) weakens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond
B) an increase in pH (alkalosis) strengthens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond
C) an increase in pH (alkalosis) weakens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond
D) a decrease in pH (acidosis) strengthens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond

The most powerful respiratory stimulus for breathing in a healthy person is ________.
A) increase of carbon dioxide
B) pH (alkalosis)
C) pH (acidosis)
D) loss of oxygen in tissues

Nerve impulses from ________ will result in inspiration.
A) the dorsal respiratory group
B) Brocaʹs center
C) the chemoreceptor center
D) the preoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus

In the plasma, the quantity of oxygen in solution is ________.
A) about equal to the oxygen combined with hemoglobin
B) not present except where it is combined with carrier molecules
C) greater than the oxygen combined with hemoglobin
D) only about 1.5% of the oxygen carried in dissolved form

Which of the following statements is incorrect?
A) Respiratory rate is lowest in newborn infants.
B) During fetal life, lungs are filled with fluid.
C) Descent of the diaphragm results in abdominal breathing.
D) The chest wall becomes more rigid with age.

Another name for the inflation reflex is ________.
A) Haldane
B) Bohr
C) pulmonary irritant
D) Hering-Breuer

Which of the following does not influence the increase in ventilation that occurs as exercise is initiated?
A) proprioceptors
B) psychic stimuli
C) simultaneous cortical motor activation of the skeletal muscles and respiratory center
D) decrease in lactic acid levels

Which of the following is not a form of lung cancer?
A) squamous cell carcinoma
B) small cell carcinoma
C) Kaposiʹs sarcoma
D) adenocarcinoma

Which of the following is not an event necessary to supply the body with O2 and dispose of CO2?
A) external respiration
B) internal respiration
C) pulmonary ventilation
D) blood pH adjustment

Which of the following changes occurs as the conducting tubes of the lungs become smaller?
A) Resistance to air flow decreases due to the increased number of tubes.
B) Cartilage rings are gradually replaced by regular plates of cartilage.
C) Smooth muscle amount increases.
D) Lining of the tubes changes from ciliated columnar to simple squamous epithelium which lines the alveoli.

Which of the following does not diminish lung compliance?
A) factors that reduce the natural resilience of the lungs
B) factors that impair the flexibility of the thoracic cage
C) factors that decrease the surface tension of the fluid film of the alveoli
D) factors that block the bronchi

Tidal volume is air ________.
A) exchanged during normal breathing
B) remaining in the lungs after forced expiration
C) forcibly expelled after normal expiration
D) inhaled after normal inspiration

The ideal vital capacity of an individual is around ________.
A) 6600 ml
B) 4800 ml
C) 3100 ml
D) 1200 ml

Possible causes of hypoxia include ________.
A) obstruction of the esophagus
B) too little oxygen in the atmosphere
C) taking several rapid deep breaths
D) getting very cold

The lung volume that represents the total volume of exchangeable air is the ________.
A) inspiratory capacity
B) vital capacity
C) expiratory reserve volume
D) tidal volume

Since the lungs are filled with fluid during fetal life, which of the following statements is true regarding
respiratory exchange?
A) Respiratory exchanges are made through the ductus arteriosus.
B) Respiratory exchanges are made through the placenta.
C) Since the lungs develop later in gestation, fetuses do not need a mechanism for respiratory exchange.
D) Respiratory exchanges are not necessary.

Which of the following is not a stimulus for breathing?
A) rising blood pressure
B) arterial Po2 below 60 mm Hg
C) rising carbon dioxide levels
D) arterial pH resulting from CO2 retention

Respiratory control centers are located in the ________.
A) upper spinal cord and medulla
B) medulla and pons
C) midbrain and medulla
D) pons and midbrain

The amount of air that can be inspired above the tidal volume is called ________.
A) reserve air
B) inspiratory capacity
C) vital capacity
D) expiratory reserve

Which statement about CO2 is incorrect?
A) Its concentration in the blood is decreased by hyperventilation.
B) More CO2 dissolves in the blood plasma than is carried in the RBCs.
C) CO2 concentrations are greater in venous blood than arterial blood.
D) Its accumulation in the blood is associated with a decrease in pH.

Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the lungs and through all cell membranes by ________.
A) osmosis
B) filtration
C) diffusion
D) active transport

Select the correct statement about the pharynx.
A) The auditory tube drains into the nasopharynx.
B) The adenoids are located in the laryngopharynx.
C) The palatine tonsils are embedded in the lateral walls of the nasopharynx.
D) The laryngopharynx blends posteriorly into the nasopharynx.

The larynx contains ________.
A) lateral cartilage ridges called false vocal folds
B) an upper pair of avascular mucosal folds called true vocal folds
C) a cricoid cartilage also called the Adamʹs apple
D) the thyroid cartilage

Which respiratory-associated muscles would contract if you were to blow up a balloon?
A) diaphragm contracts, internal intercostals would relax
B) internal intercostals and abdominal muscles would contract
C) external intercostals would contract and diaphragm would relax
D) diaphragm would contract, external intercostals would relax

The oropharynx does not include ________.
A) fauces
B) pharyngeal tonsils
C) palatine tonsils
D) lingual tonsils

Which of the following is not found on the right lobe of the lung?
A) horizontal fissure
B) cardiac notch
C) middle lobe
D) oblique fissure

Impairments of oxygen transport include ________.
A) hypoxemic hypoxia, resulting from a decrease in levels of functional red blood cells
B) stagnant hypoxia, due to a functional problem with the lungs
C) anemic hypoxia, usually caused by congestive heart failure
D) carbon monoxide poisoning, a form of hypoxemic hypoxia

Which of the following correctly describes mechanisms of CO2 transport?
A) The chloride shift mechanism enhances CO2 transport.
B) 20% of CO2 is dissolved directly into the plasma.
C) Carbonic anhydrase is responsible for bonding CO2 to hemoglobin.
D) 7-8% of CO2 is carried in the form of carbaminohemoglobin.

Factors that influence the rate and depth of breathing include ________.
A) stretch receptors in the alveoli
B) thalamic control
C) voluntary cortical control
D) composition of alveolar gas

Which of the following provide the greatest surface area for gas exchange?
A) respiratory bronchioles
B) alveolar ducts
C) alveoli
D) alveolar sacs

The respiratory membrane is a combination of ________.
A) respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts
B) alveolar and capillary walls and their fused basement membranes
C) atria and alveolar sacs
D) respiratory bronchioles and alveolar sacs

A gas emboli may occur because ________.
A) a person holds his breath too long
B) a pilot holds her breath upon descent
C) a person breathes pure oxygen in a pressurized chamber
D) a diver holds his breath upon ascent

Inspiratory capacity is ________.
A) air inspired after a tidal inhalation
B) the total amount of air that can be inspired after a tidal expiration
C) the total amount of exchangeable air
D) functional residual capacity

Which center is located in the pons?
A) pacemaker neuron center
B) expiratory
C) pontine respirator group (PRG)
D) inspiratory

The nose serves all the following functions except ________.
A) warming and humidifying the air
B) as the initiator of the cough reflex
C) as a passageway for air movement
D) cleansing the air

A premature baby usually has difficulty breathing. However, the respiratory system is developed enough for
survival by ________.
A) 36 weeks
B) 17 weeks
C) 28 weeks
D) 24 weeks

Which of the following statements is true regarding the respiratory rate of a newborn?
A) The respiratory rate of a newborn is approximately 30 respirations per minute.
B) The respiratory rate of a newborn varies between male and female infants.
C) The respiratory rate of a newborn is, at its highest rate, approximately 40-80 respirations per minute.
D) The respiratory rate of a newborn is slow.

Select the correct statement about the neural mechanisms of respiratory control.
A) The pons is thought to be instrumental in the smooth transition from inspiration to expiration.
B) The ventral respiratory group (expiratory center) neurons depolarize in a rhythmic way to establish the
pattern of breathing.
C) The pontine respirator group (PRG) continuously stimulates the medulla to provide inspiratory drive.
D) The dorsal respiratory group (inspiratory center) is contained within the pons.

Which of the following statements is correct?
A) Arterial pH does not affect central chemoreceptors directly.
B) H+ acts directly on central chemoreceptors to decrease the rate and depth of breathing.
C) Low arterial pH is the most powerful stimulator of respiration.
D) H+ has little effect on the blood pH.

The factors responsible for holding the lungs to the thorax wall are ________.
A) the smooth muscles of the lung
B) the visceral pleurae and the changing volume of the lungs
C) the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles alone
D) surface tension from pleural fluid, negative pressure, and atmospheric pressure on the thorax

The erythrocyte count increases after a while when an individual goes from a low to a high altitude because ________.
A) the concentration of oxygen and/or total atmospheric pressure is lower at high altitudes
B) the basal metabolic rate is higher at high altitudes
C) the concentration of oxygen and/or total atmospheric pressure is higher at higher altitudes
D) the temperature is lower at higher altitudes

Most inspired particles such as dust fail to reach the lungs because of the ________.
A) action of the epiglottis
B) porous structure of turbinate bones
C) ciliated mucous lining in the nose
D) abundant blood supply to nasal mucosa

Which of the following is not possible?
A) Resistance equals pressure gradient over gas flow.
B) The amount of gas flowing in and out of the alveoli is directly proportional to the difference in pressure or pressure gradient between the external atmosphere and the alveoli.
C) Pressure gradient equals gas flow over resistance.
D) Gas flow equals pressure gradient over resistance.

Select the correct statement about the physical factors influencing pulmonary ventilation.
A) A decrease in compliance causes an increase in ventilation.
B) As alveolar surface tension increases, additional muscle action will be required.
C) A lung that is less elastic will require less muscle action to perform adequate ventilation.
D) Surfactant helps increase alveolar surface tension.

Select the correct statement about oxygen transport in blood ________.
A) Increased BPG levels in the red blood cells enhance oxygen-carrying capacity
B) During normal activity, a molecule of hemoglobin returning to the lungs contains one molecule of O2
C) During conditions of acidosis, hemoglobin is able to carry oxygen more efficiently
D) A 50% oxygen saturation level of blood returning to the lungs might indicate an activity level higher
than normal

Which of these is not a characteristic of emphysema?
A) air trapping
B) bronchial edema
C) loss of lung elasticity
D) destruction of alveolar walls