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What is the most common type of kidney stone?
calcium
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What type of kidney stone may form after an infection in the urinary system?
Struvite (magnesium and ammonia)
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What is the rarest type of kidney stone?
cystine (building blocks of proteins)
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What part of the kidney is retroperitoneal?
All
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What are the three vessels of the kidney and what is their orientation within the hilum of the spleen?
- Anterior: Renal vein
- Middle: Renal artery
- Posterior: ureter
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What is the fascia that covers both the kidney and suprarenal gland?
renal fascia
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What is the deepest covering of the kidney?
true renal capsule
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What lies between the true renal capsule and the renal fascia?
perirenal fat
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What are the four muscles that make up the posterior boarder of the kidney?
- Diaphram
- Quadratus lumborum
- Psoas major
- Transversus abdominis
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What three nerves lie posterior to the kidney?
- Subcostal (T12)
- Iliohypogastric (T12-L1)
- Ilioinguinal (L1)
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What two vessels and bone have a posterior relation to the kidney?
- Subcostal vein and artery
- 12 rib
- left rib may go as high as 11 rib
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At what spinal level does the renal artery come off the abdominal aorta?
L1
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What are the five branches of the renal artery?
- upper pole
- lower pole
- posterior part
- upper anterior
- lower anterior
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What is different about the left renal vein?
longer and receives adrenal and left gonadal veins before passing anterior to AA and emptying into inferior vena cava
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Right or left adrenal gland: tetrahedral, small, drains into IVC, lies posterior to IVC, superior part of kidney
Right
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Left or right adrenal gland: crescentic, big, drains into left renal vein, lies behind stomach, medial part of kidney
LEFT
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what is the length of the ureter and type of tissue lines it?
- 25cm
- transitional epithelium
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What part of the peritoneum does the ureter descend in?
retroperitoneum
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what muscle does the ureter lay on?
psoas major
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What two different structures does the ureter pass under in male vs female
- male: ductus deferens
- female: uterine artery
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where in relation to the spine does the ureter descend?
near TP's of lumbar vertebrae
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At what bony landmark does the ureter cross the pelvic brim?
sacroiliac joint
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What are the three areas of risk for a stone in the ureter to be lodged?
- pelvi-ureteric junction
- Crossing the pelvic brim
- Intramural part where it enters the bladder
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how do you find the superior and medial edge of the kidney?
- medial border is 5 cm from midline
- Superior border: T12 (R) T11 (L)
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from superficial to deep, what are the layers of tissue that must be punctured for a renal biopsy?
- skin
- subcutaneous tissue
- quadratus lumborum
- pararenal fat
- renal fascia
- Perirenal fat
- renal capsule
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what is the normal capacity for the urinary bladder?
300 cc
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what is the most inferior portion of the bladder?
neck
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what is the smooth muscle of the urinary bladder collectively called?
Detrusor muscle
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What type of tissue lines the inner wall of the urinary bladder?
transitional epithelium
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what three openings make up the apexes of the urinary trigone?
- superior: two ureteric orifices
- inferior: Internal urethral opening
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what is the blood supply of the bladder including parent and grandparent arteries?
Superior vesical artery <-- umbilical artery <-- ant div. internal iliac
Inferior vescial artery <-- ant. div. internal iliac a. <-- common iliac artery
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what covers the superior surface of the urinary bladder?
peritoneum
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what muscles lay against the inferolateral aspect of the urinary bladder?
- obturator internus
- levator ani
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what is the space between the bladder and pubic bone?
retropubic (contains adipose tissue and veins)
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where do the ducti deferentia and seminal vesciles lay in relation to the urinary bladder?
posterior
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Where does the uterus lay in relation to the urinary bladder?
Posterior
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what is the parasympathetic innervation of the bladder and function?
- S2, 3, 4
- Contraction of detrous m.
- relaxation of internal urethral sphincter
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what is the sympathetic innervation of the bladder and function?
- inferior hypogastric plexus
- contraction of internal urethral sphincter during ejaculation
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what are the three levator ani muscles
- pubococcygeus m.
- iliococcygeus m.
- puborectalis m.
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What is the function of the glomerulus?
Filtration of water and solutes
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What is the function of the proximal convoluted tubule?
Reabsorption of water and solutes
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what is the function of the loop of Henle?
reabsorption of sodium and chloride
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what is the function of the Distal convoluted tubles?
reabsorption/secretion of ammonia, potassium hydrogen
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what nerve supplies the central part of the peritoneum
Phrenic nerve (c3-5
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What nerves supply the peripheral peritoneum?
Intercostal nerves
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What nerve supplies the parietal peritoneum in the pelvis
obturator nerve
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what peritoneal fold contains inferior epigastric vessels
lateral umbilical fold
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what peritoneal fold contains remnant of the urachus
Median umbilical fold
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what peritoneal fold contains remnants of umbilical arteries
medial umbilical fold
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what is another name for lesser sac of peritoneum?
omental bursa
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What part of the female anatomy communicates with the peritoneal cavity?
fallopian tubes
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what is the communication between the greater and lesser sacs of the peritoneum?
epiploic foramen
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what is the medulla derived from during embryologic development?
neural crest cells
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