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Amino acids necessary for purine synthesis:
GAG: Glycine, Aspartate, Glutamine
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orotic aciduria
megaloblastic anemia, no hyperammonemia
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fluoroquinolones
Inhibit DNA gyrase
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DNA polymerase III
Makes leading strand (5'-->3') with 3'-->5' exonuclease activity
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DNA polymerase I
Makes lagging strand by excising RNA primer with 5'-->3' exonuclease activity
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Mutation in nucleotide excision repair and thus preventing repair of thymidine dimers cause:
xeroderma pigmentosum - dry skin with melanoma and other cancers
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DNA mismatch repair is mutated in:
Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC)
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mRNA stop codons
UGA, UAA, UAG
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alpha-amanitin
Found in death cap mushrooms. Inhibits RNA polymerase II. RNA polymerase opens DNA at promoter site. Causes liver failure if ingested.
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Antibodies to spliceosomal snRNPs are found in patients with:
Lupus
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Where is the amino acid bound on the tRNA?
3' end.
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What drug prevents attachment of the aminoacyl-tRNA?
Tetracyclines
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Aminoglycosides inhibit protein synthesis by?
Inhibiting the formation of the initation complex and causing misreading of mRNA
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What inhibits 50S peptidyltransferase?
Chloramphenicol
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Mechanism of action for Clindamycin:
binds 50S, blocking translocation
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Addition of mannose-6-phosphate does what?
Target lysosomal proteins to the lysosome.
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Patient presents with coarse facial features, clouded corneas, restricted joint movement, and high plasma lvels of lysosomal enzymes - what condition does he have and why?
I-cell disease (inclusion cell disease) - failure to add mannose-6-phosphate to lysosomal proteins.
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Dynein transports in what direction?
Retrograde to microtubule (+ --> - )
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Kinesin moves in what direction?
Anterograde to microtubule (- --> +)
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Patient presents with recurrent pyogenic infections, partial albinism, and peripheral neuropathy. What condition does she have?
Chediak-Higashi syndrome - microtuble polymerization defect resulting in decrease phagocytosis by macrophages.
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What are all the drugs that act on microtubules?
Mebendazole, griseofulvin, vincristine, paclitaxel, colchicine
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Patient presents with inferitility, bronchiectasis, recurent sinusitis, and situs inversus. What does he have?
Kartagener's syndrome - immotile cilia due to a dynein arm defect.
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Vimentin is found in?
Connective tissue
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Desmin is found in?
Muscle
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Cytokeratin is found in?
Epithelial cells
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Glial fibrillary acid proteins (GFAP) is found in?
Neuroglia
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Bone - collagen type?
Type 1
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Skin - collagen type?
Type 1, type 3
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Tendon - collagen type?
Type 1
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dentin - collagen type?
type 1
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fascia - collagen type?
type 1
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cornea - collage type?
type 1
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late wound repair - collagen type?
type 1
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cartilage - collagen type?
type 2
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vitreous body - collagen type?
type 2
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nucleus pulposus - collagen type?
type 2
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blood vessels - collagen type?
type 3
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uterus - collagen type?
type 3
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fetal tissue - collagen type?
type 3
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granulation tissue - collagen type?
type 3
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basement membrane or basal lamina - collagen type?
type 4
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Vitamin C is required for collagen synthesis for?
hydroxylation of proline and serine
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in wound healing, what metal is necessary for the conversion of Type 3 collagen to Type 1?
Zinc
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In wound healing, what lysyl oxidase needs what cofactor to cross-link collagen and elastic tissue?
Copper
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What type of collage is most affected by Ehlers-Danlos syndrome?
Type III
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Joint dislocation, berry aneurysm, and organ rupture is associated with what condition?
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
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Patients with mutliple fractures and blue sclerae are also predisposed to?
hearing loss and dental imperfections
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Progressive nephritis and deafness with ocular disturbances is found in children with?
Alport's syndrome. Abnormal Type IV collagen. XR
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Patients with arachnodactyly, ectopia lentis, and aortic issues have a defect in what protein?
fibrillin (Marfan's syndrome)
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What inhibits elastase, which breaks down elastin?
alpha1-antitrypsin
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When one gene has greater than 1 effect on an individual's phenotype, it's call:
Pleiotropy. Ex: PKU
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If a patient inherits or develops a mutation in a tumor suppressor gene, the complementary allele must be deleted/mutated before cancer develops, this is called:
loss of heterozygosity. Ex: retinoblastoma
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Marfanoid habitus is characterized by:
long limbs, arachnodactyly, hyperlaxity
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When mutations at different loci can produce the same phenotype, it is called:
Locus heterogeneity. Ex: Marfan's Syndrome, MEN 2B, homocystinuria all cause marfanoid habitus.
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When offspring received 2 copies of a chromosome from 1 parent and no copies from the other parent, this is called:
Uniparental disomy
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Patient presents with mental retardation, hyperphagia, obesity, hypogonadism, and hypotonia - what condition does this patient have?
Prader-Willi syndrome
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Patient presents with seizures, ataxia, inappropriate laughter, and mental retardation - what does this patient have?
Angelman's syndrome
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Hypophosphatemic rickets or vitamin D resistant rickets has what kind of inheritance pattern?
X-linked dominant
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Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy shows what kind of inheritance pattern?
Mitochondrial inheritance
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Patient presents with acute loss of central vision - she has?
Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy - degeneration of retinal ganglion cells and axons.
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N-acetylcysteine can be used in what two conditions?
- Cystic Fibrosis - loosen mucous plugs by cleaving disulfide bonds within mucous glycoproteins)
- Detoxification of acetaminophen
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What kind of mutation is found in Duchenne's MD?
Frame-shift mutation that causes a deletion of the dystrophin gene. X-linked Recessive
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What defect is found in Fragile X syndrome?
X-linked defect in methylation and expression of the FMR1 gene. Associated with chromosomal breakage.
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CTG repeats are found in?
MyoTonic dystrophy
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CAG repeats are found in?
Huntington's disease
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CGG repeats are found in?
Fragile X syndrome
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GAA repeats are found in?
Friedreich's ataxia
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Congenital microdeletion of long arm of chromosome 7 results in?
Williams syndrome
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Patient presents with distinctive "elfin" facies, mental retardation, hypercalcemia, well-developed verbal skills, extreme friendliness with strangers, and cardiovascular problems. She has?
Williams syndrome
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Deletion of chromosome 22q11 results in what two conditions?
DiGeorge syndrome & Velocardiofacial syndrome
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Thymic, parathyroid and cardiac defects can be found in a patient with?
DiGeorge's Syndrome
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Palate, facial and cardiac defects can be found in a patient with?
Velocardiofacial syndrome
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Dermatitis, glossitis, and diarrhea can be cound in patients with?
Vitamin B complex deficiencies
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Dermatis, dementia, and diarrhea can be found in patients with a deficiency of?
Vitamin B3 - Niacin
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Night blindness, dry eyes, and corneal softening is associated with what deficiency?
Vitamin A
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Nausea, abdominal pain, diarrhea with increased frequency of calcium oxalate kidney stones is associated with and overdose of?
Vitamin C
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Patients presenting with arthralgias, fatigue, headaches, skin changes, sore throat, and loss of hair has an overdose of?
Vitamin A
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Cleft palate and cardiac abnormalies are found with what vitamin toxicity?
Vitamin A
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Confusion, ophthalmoplegia, ataxia + memory loss, confabulation, personality change is associated with?
Wernicke-Korsakoff, vitamin B1 deficiency, often due to malnutrition in alcoholics
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Polyneuritis and symmetrical muscle wasting is characteristic of?
Dry beriberi - Vitamin B1 deficiency
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Dilated cardiomyopathy and edema is characteristic of?
Wet beriberi - vitamin B1 deficiency
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Hypercalcemia, hypercalciuria, loss of appetite, and stupor can be seen in patients with an overdose of?
Vitamin D. Seen in sarcoidosis due to increase activation of vitamin D by epithelioid macrophages.
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Malnutrition, pitting edema, anemia, fatty liver, swollen belly (ascites) can be seen in a child with?
Kwashiorkor - protein deficient
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Growth retardation, muscle wasting, and anemia can be seen in a child with?
Marasmus - protein & calorie deficiency
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Where in the cell is the site of synthesis and assembly of ribosomal components?
nucleolus
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