-
elevated leukocytes count about eh reference range
leukocytosis
-
absolute number of neutrophil granulocytes in the blood (ANC)
absolute neutrophil count
-
an elevated absolute neutrophil count above the reference range. also called neutrocytosis
neutrophilia
-
neutrophilia in response to a benign condition
leukemoid reaction
-
an increase in the number of bands and less mature neutrophilia in the blood
shift to the left
-
absolute number of neutrophil bands, "ABC"
band count
-
60% peripheral blood
short life span
phagocytic and secretors
neutrophils
-
neutrophilia etiologies
- increase in neutrophils, common
- physiologic- stress
- infection- sepsis, trauma
- drugs and chemicals- steroids, epi
- metabolic diseases- diabetes, hyperthyroidism, gout
- hematologic changes- hemorrhage, hemolysis
-
neutropenia etiologies
decrease number in neutrophils
- splenomegaly
- drug reactions
- bone marrow suppression- chemo, alcohol
- bone marrow replacement- metastatic cancers, lymphoma, leukemia
- hereditary diseases
-
many drugs cause this, idiosyncratic, bone marrow suppression
splenomegaly- common, anemia and/or thrombocytopenia
- aquired neutropenia
- -high infection risk <500/microliter, fever common with chemo
congenital is very rare
-
20-30% peripheral blood; increased with viral infections and lymphoid leukemia
lymphocytes
-
low amt in pheripheral blood, regulatory, macrophages, present antigens and cytokines
monocytes
-
malignant neoplasm of WBC characterized by involvement of blood and bone marrow
leukemia
-
rapid onset, blast cells(immature), fatal if untreated, potentially curable
acute leukemia
-
gradual onset, more mature cells(cytes), longer survival, usually incurable
chronic leukemia
-
common childhood leukemia
lymphoblasts replace bone marrow
anemia and thrombocytopenia
variable WBC count
acute lymphoblastic leukemia
good prog with chemo and transplant
-
common adults
myeloblasts with auer rods replace bone marrow
cause anemia and thromboctyopenic
acute myeloblastic leukemia
poor prog
-
adults
no symptoms to fatigue, weakness, weight loss, anorexia, infections, splenomegaly and lymphadenopathy
chronic lymphocytic leukemia
may not treat if cell count too low
-
young to middle age, asymptomatic, abdominal fullness, early satiety, weight loss, anorexia, splenomegaly, and bone pain and tenderness
chronic myeloid leukemia
-
translocation of chromosomes 9 and 22
philadelphia chromosome, increased tyrosine kinase activity causes bone marrow to overproduce granulocytes
-
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
gleevec
-
malignant plasma cell diseases
monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance(MGUS)
multiple myeloma and more
-
uncontrolled differentiation of plasma cells from b-cels
replacement of bone marrow by plasma cells caused punched out appearance of long bones or skull
multiple myeloma
-
malignant neoplasms characterized by the proliferation of cells native to the lymphoid tissue
paleness, lymphademopathy, night sweats, weight loss and fatigue, cough or shortness of breathe, persistent itching, unexplained fever
malignant lymphomas
-
mild normochromatic normocytic anemia
mild thrombotcytopenia and leukopenia
elevated serum LDH
malignant lymphomia
-
usually b-cell origin
classified via cell type and growth pattern
neoplastic clones of lymphocytes from cells at arrested stages of differentiation
non-hodgkins lymphoma
-
older adult
small lymphocytic lymphoma
follicular lymphoma
b-cell
freq translocation of 14 and 18 involving igH and bcl-2
low grade non-hodgekins lymphoma, indolent(little to no pain)
better prob
-
increased freq extra-nodal disease
adults and peds
T or B cell origin aggressive but responds well
large, less differentiated, diffuse pattern
high grade non-hodgekins lymphoma
large cell lymphoma, burkitt lymphoma, lymphoblastic lymphoma
-
Treatment=
chemo, stem cell transplant, immunotherapy (Rituxmab, anti CD-20)
non hodgkins lymphoma
-
unique B lymphocyte, owl eyes, reed-steinberg cell
pain with alcohol ingestion
many subtypes
hodgkins lymphoma
- nodular lymphocytes predominant
- nodular sclerosis
- mixed cellularity
- lymphocyte depleted
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