Schizophrenia runs in families. The illness occurs in ____ percent of the general population
A.
Chemical neurotransmitters involve in schizophrenia______ and _______.
Dopamine and Glutamate
Do people with schizophrenia have brains with more gray matter, larger fluid filled cavities/ventricals and different brain activities
A. False
B. True
B. True
Schizophrenia symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions usually start between ages __ and __.
16 years and 30 years of age
described prodomal period of schizoprenia
A combination of factors such as isolation, withdrawn, increase in unusual thoughts, suspicions and a family history of psychosis
The percentage of people with schizophrenia death by suicide
B. 10%
Troubling thoughts, feelings, or behaviors that cause psychological discomfort or interfere with
a person’s ability to function are known as what disorders
Psychological disorder
Describe life transitions
death of a loved one, dissolving marriage,
adjustment to retirement
Use of psychological techniques to treat
emotional, behavioral, and interpersonal problems are known as
Psychotherapy
Describe Biomedical
use of medications and other medical
therapies to treat the symptoms associated with psychological disorders
Who developed Psychoanalysis based on his theory of personality
Sigmund Freud
Causes of Psychological
Problems
•Undesirable urges and conflicts are
“repressed” or pushed to the unconscious
•Unconscious conflicts exert influence on
behaviors, emotions, and interpersonal dynamics
•Understanding and insight into repressed
conflicts leads to recognition and resolution
Describe Techniques of Psychoanalysis with following symptoms
•patient’s unconscious attempt to block revelation of unconscious material; usually sign that patient is close to revealing painful memories
Free Association Resistance
Resistance
Describe Free association Psychoanalysis Technique
spontaneous report of all mental images, thoughts, feelings as a way of revealing unconscious conflicts
Describe Resistance Psychoanalysis Technique
patient’s unconscious attempt to block revelation of unconscious material; usually sign that patient is close to revealing painful memories
Psychoanalytic Technique Dream interpretation
dreams are the “royal road to the unconscious”; interpretation often reveals unconscious conflicts
Describe Transference Psychoanalytic Technique:
process where emotions originally associated with a significant person are unconsciously transferred to the therapist
Describe Interpersonal Therapy (IPT)
focus on current relationships;
interpersonal problems seen as core of psychological symptoms; highly
structured
Who Developed Humanistic Therapies
Carl Rogers
Humanistic perspective emphasizes
human potential, self-awareness, and
freewill.
Humanistic therapies focus on
self-perception and individual’s conscious
thoughts and perceptions
the most common form of humanistic therapy
Client-centered (or person-centered) therapy
Client-Centered Therapy focuses on client’s
Subjective perception of self and environment. Does not speak of “illness” or “cure
Therapeutic Conditions Genuineness
therapist openly shares thoughts without
defensiveness
Empathic understanding
creates a psychological mirror reflecting
clients thoughts and feelings
Client-centered therapy Motivational interviewing
only one or two sessions; help clients overcome reluctance to change; encourage client’s self motivating statements
Client-centered therapy Marital counseling
parenting, education, business, community and international relations
Behavioristic perspective emphasizes that
behavior (normal and abnormal) is learned
Behavior Therapy Uses principles of _____ and _____ conditioning to change maladaptive behaviors
classical and operant
Based on classical conditioning Uses three steps:
–Progressive relaxation
–Development of anxiety hierarchy and control scene
–Combination of progressive relaxation with anxiety hierarchy
Aversion Therapy for Alcoholism
•Relatively ineffective, does not generalize very well beyond therapy
•Pairs an aversive stimulus with the undesired behavior
Cognitive Therapy
•Based on the assumption that psychological problems are due to maladaptive patterns of thinking
•Therapy focuses on recognition and alteration of unhealthy thinking patterns
Rational Emotive Therapy Developed by
Albert Ellis
Rational Emotive Therapy
•ABC model
–Activating Event
–Beliefs
–Consequences
Describe ABC model
•Identification and elimination of core irrational beliefs
•Direct and often confrontational form of therapy
Describe Aaron Beck’s Cognitive Therapy
•Problems due to negative cognitive bias that leads to distorted perceptions and interpretations of events
•Therapist acts as model and aims for a collaborative therapeutic climate
•Recognize the bias then test accuracy of these beliefs
Describe Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
•Integrates cognitive and behavioral techniques. Based on the assumption that thoughts, moods, and behaviors are interrelated.
Describe self help groups
Format varies (structured and unstructured)
Many follow a 12-step approach
Have been shown to be very effective
More research needed: reasons for effectiveness and kinds of people and problems that benefit from this approach
Eye movement desensitization reprocessing (EMDR) Developed By _______
•Developed by Francis Shapiro
Describe Eye movement desensitization reprocessing (EMDR)
•Useful for anxiety and relieving traumatic memories
•Involves following finger waving while holding mental image of disturbing event, situation, or memory
•Lots of criticisms of this approach
Most Western psychotherapy focuses on the
individual, internal causes, burden on client
Collectivistic cultures have
have more focus on needs of the group, less internal causes, burden on community
Typical Antipsychotic Medications –Globally alter brain ______ levels
Dopamine
Atypical antipsychotics (Newer)
–Affect levels of _______ as well as
dopamine
seratonin
Antianxiety medications
•Benzodiazepines (Valium, Xanax)
–reduce anxiety through increasing level of GABA
–side effects include decreased coordination, reaction time, alertness, addiction
•Non-benzodiazepine—(Buspar)
–may take a few weeks to work
–does not reduce alertness
Name the following MEDICATION
•Used to treat bipolar disorder (manic-depression)
•Used to interrupt acute manic attacks and prevent relapse
•Can have serious side effects and must be closely monitored
Lithium
Describe Anti-Depressant Medication
• First generation—tricyclics and MAO inhibitors
–Effective for about 75% of patients
–Produce troubling side effects
•MAO inhibitors can have serious physiological side effects when taken with some common foods
•Tricyclics caused weight gain, dry mouth, dizziness, sedation
Describe Second Generation Anti-Depressant Medication
•Second generation—chemically different but no more effective than earlier drugs (Wellbutrin, Desyrel)
•Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI)—have fewer undesirable side effects than earlier drugs (Prozac, Paxil, Zoloft)
Describe Pharmacogenetics
•The study of how genes influence an individual’s response to drugs
•May help to overcome trial-and-error nature of prescribing psychotropic medications
Describe Electroconvulsive Therapy
•Used for severe depression
•Very effective for quick relief of symptoms of severe depression (can be used until medication begins to work)
•Creates “seizures” in patient, perhaps “rebooting” the brain
•May have cognitive side effects such as memory loss
•Very controversial treatment
Vague nerve stimulation (VNS) involves
involves implanting a device to chest wall that sends electrical currents to the brain stem.
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) involves the
use of electrodes implanted in brain to send electrical signals.
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) stimulates
certain regions of the brain with magnetic pulses.
Pharmacogenetics
The study of how genes influence an individual’s response to drugs
May help to overcome trial-and-error nature of prescribing psychotropic medications
Vague nerve stimulation (VNS) involves
involves implanting a device to chest wall that sends electrical currents to the brain stem
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) involves the
involves the use of electrodes implanted in brain to send electrical signals
Stressors
Specific events or chronic pressures that place demands on a person or threaten the person's well-being
Stress
The physical and psychological response to internal or external stressors
Health Psychology
The subfield of psychology concerned with ways psychological factors influence the causes and treatment of physical illness and the maintenance of health
Fight-or-Flight Response
An emotional and physiological reaction to an emergency that increases readiness for action
General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
A three-stage physiological response that appears regardless of the stressor that is encountered
Type A behavior pattern
The tendency toward easily aroused hostility, impatience, a sense of time urgency, and competitive achievement strivings
