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A substance made of only one type of atom
Element
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The subunits of atoms are _______?
Protons, neutrons & electrons
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The atomic subunit that has a negative charge is the _____ & the subunit that has a positive charge is the_______
Electron & proton
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The subunit that has no charge is the ____
Neutron
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Which subunits are found in the atomic nucleus?
Protons & electrons
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Which subunits gives an atom its bonding capabilities?
Electrons
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An atom that has lost or gained electrons & now has a positive or negative charge is called an ___?
Ion
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The bonding of two or more atoms results in the formation of a ____?
Molecule
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The bond formed when 1 atom loses electrons that are gained by other atoms is called an_____?
Ionic Bond
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The bond formed when 2 or more atoms share electrons is called a ____
Covalent bond
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Name a molecule that exists naturally as a gas?
Oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen
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Name a molecule that exists naturally as a liquid
Water
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Name a molecule that exists naturally as a solid
Sodium chloride, calcium chloride
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The type of bond that may be weakened in a aqueous (water) solution is the _____?
Ionic bond
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The atoms of organic molecules such as carbohydrates & proteins are bonded by ______
Covalent bonds
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The special covalent bonds found only in proteins such as insulin, to help maintain their 3 dimensional shape are called _______
Disulfide bonds
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The weak bonds that maintain the 3 dimensional shape of proteins & nucleic acids are called
Hydrogen bonds
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A reaction in which smaller molecules bond to form a new, larger molecule called a _____?
Synthesis reaction
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A reaction in which bonds are broken & a large molecule is changed to smaller ones is called a ____?
Decomposition reaction
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The most abundant compound in the body is ___?
Water
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Water is a solvent, which means that many substances ____ in water
dissolve
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State a specific way in which water as a solvent is important to the body.
Transport of nutrients in blood, excretion of wastes in urine, senses of taste & smell
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Water is a lubricant, which means that it prevents ____ between surfaces
Friction
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State a specific way in which water as a lubricant is important to the body.
Mucous in digestive tract, synovial fluid in joints.
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Water absorbs a great deal of heat as it evaporates. State why this is important to the body.
Excess body heat may be lost in the process of sweating.
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Water found in blood vessels is called (NOT BLOOD) _____?
Plasma
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Water found within cells is called _____?
Intracellular fluid
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Water found in lymph vessels is called____?
Lymph fluid
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Water found between cells is called_____?
tissue fluid
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In what form is oxygen found in the atmosphere?
As a gas
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State the chemical formula of oxygen?
O2
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Within the body, oxygen is essential for the process called ____, which produces _______ for cellular processes that require energy.
Cell respiration & ATP (energy)
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Carbon dioxide is produced in the body as a waste product of the process of _____?
Cell respiration
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State the chemical formula of carbon dioxide?
CO2
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If excess CO2 is present in body fluids, these fluids will become too_____?
Acidic
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Complete the summary reaction of cell respiration by naming the 4 products of the reaction:
- C6H12O6 (glucose) +O2 →
- CO2 + H2O + ATP + Heat
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State what happens to each of the two molecular products.
CO2 is exhaled, H2O becomes part of intracellular water.
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State the purpose of each of the 2 energy forms produced.
ATP provides energy for cellular activities, heat contributes to a constant body temperature.
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Part of hemogoblin in red blood cells
Iron
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Part of some proteins such as insulins
Sulfur
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Provides strength in bones & teeth
Necessary for blood clotting
Necessary for muscle contraction
Calcium
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Part of hormone thyroxine
Iodine
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Provides strength in bones & teeth
Part of DNA & RNA
Phosphorus
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Necessary for nerve impulse transmission
Necessary for muscle transaction
Sodium & Potassium
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State the range of the PH scale
0 to 14
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In this scale, the number that indicates a neutral pH is ___?
"0 to 14"
7
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Neutral means that there are as many ___ ions as there are _____ ions in the solution.
H+ OH-
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The portion of the pH scale from 0 to 6.99 represents solutions that are_____?
Acidic
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The portion of the pH scale from 7.01 to 14 represents solutions that are ____?
alkaline (basic)
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STate the normal pH range of blood:
pH 7.35-7.45
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This pH range means that blood is slightly
Alkaline (acidic or alkaline)
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Chemicals in body fluids that help prevent drastic pH changes are called____?
buffers
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The bicarbonate buffer system may buffer either strong acids or strong bases in body fluids.
a) H2CO3 (name:_______) may buffer a strong ________.
Carbonic acid base
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NaHCO3 (name:______) may buffer a strong _______
Sodium bicarbonate acid
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When a strong acid such as HCI is buffered by the bicarbonate buffer system, the following reaction takes place:
HCI+NaHCO3→NaCI+H2CO3
a)Name the products of this reaction:______and________
b) HCI is a strong acid, which means it would have a _______ effect on the pH of body fluids.
c) One of the products of this reaction is the salt_____, which has what effect on pH?_______(great, slight, or no effect)
d) The other product is the weak acid _______, which has what effect on pH?______(great, slight or no effect)
- a)Sodium chloride and carbonic acid
- b)great
- c)NaCI, no effect
- d) H2CO3, Slight
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A 6-carbon monosaccharide or hexose sugar
Glucose
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A 5-carbon monosaccharide
Pentose sugar
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A polysaccharide made by plans for energy storage
Starch
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A polysaccharide for energy storage in animal cells
Glycogen
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A polysaccharide that is part of plant cell walls
Cellulose
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Made of one glycerol and one, 2 or 3 fatty acids
True fats
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A diglyceride that includes a phosphate group
Phospholipid
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The molecular subunits of proteins
Amino acids
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Made of many amino acids
Proteins
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FUNCTION:
The primary energy source for cells
Glucose
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FUNCTION:
Part of DNA & RNA
Pentose sugars
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FUNCTION:
A sugar that is digested to monosaccharides to produce energy
Sucrose
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FUNCTION:
A polysaccharide that is digested to glucose & used for energy production
Starch
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FUNCTION:
The storage form for glucose in the liver & muscles
Glycogen
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FUNCTION:
A polysaccharide that promotes peristalsis in the colon
Also called fiber
Cellulose
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FUNCTION:
An energy storage molecule in subcutaneous tissue
True fats
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FUNCTION:
A diglyceride that is part of cell membranes
Phospholipid
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FUNCTION:
Changed to vitamin D in the skin on exposure to sunlight
Used to synthesize the steroid hormones
Cholesterol
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FUNCTION:
Bonded by peptide bonds to form proteins
Amino acids
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FUNCTION:
These include enzymes & antibodies
These include hemogoblin & insulin
Proteins
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H
NH2 C COOH
R
a) Name the elements in the molecule:
b) Name this molecule:
c) Name the type of bond that holds its element together:
- a) Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen & nitrogen
- b) Amino acid
- c) Covalent
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look @ pic before
a) Name the larger molecules that are made of many of this type of smaller molecule. _____
b)State 3 functions of these larger molecules in the body._______ _______ _________
- a) Proteins
- b) 1.Enzymes to catalyze reactions /Antibodies for defense against pathogens
- 2.Hemogoblin to carry oxygen/ muscle contraction/ some hormones
- 3. Structure of cells & tissues
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Fiber to provide exercise for the colon; promotes peristalsis
Cellulose
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Enzymes are proteins that increase the rate of reactions without the need for additional energy. Another way to say this is that enzymes are ______in the body.
catalysts
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An increase in body temperature, such as fever, may inactivate enzymes because the higher temperature changes the______ of the enzymes.
shape
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A state of acidosis may inactivate enzymes because excess_______ ions block______of these enzymes
H+ active site
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Both DNA & RNA are made of subunits called nucleotides. A nucleotide consists of 3 smaller molecules:
pentose sugar, Phosphate group, nitrogenous base
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A double strand of nucleotides
Contains the nitrogenous bases A, T, C & G
DNA
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A single strand of nucleotides
Contains the nitrogenous bases A,U,C & G
RNA
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A single nucleotide with 3 phosphate groups
Made from ADP & phosphate
ATP
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DNA Double helix
T is always paired with __?
A
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DNA Double helix
C is always paired with_?
G
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Makes up the chromosomes in the nucleus of a cell
The genetic code or hereditary characteristics
DNA
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Directly involved in protein synthesis
RNA
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Formed when energy is released in cell respiration
Provides energy for cellular reactions
ATP
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Allows ions to take part in other chemical reactions
Dissociation
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Made of only 1 type of atom
Element
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Include sugars, starch, & glycogen
Carbohydrates
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The value that indicates acidity or alkalinity
pH
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Decreases the concentration of H+ ions
Base
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Speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction
Catalyst
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Inorganic chemicals needed by the body in small amounts
Trace elements
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Made of amino acids
Protein
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The subunits of proteins
Amino acids
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Minimizes changes in pH
Buffer system
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Energy production within cells
Cell respiration
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Bond that holds ions together
Ionic bond
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Will catalyze only 1 type of reaction
Enzyme
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DNA & RNA are ___?
Nucleic acids
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Smallest part of an element
atom
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Sharing of electrons between atoms forms a ____?
covalent bond
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Increases the concentration oh H+ ions
Acid
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Include true fats & steroids
Lipids
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35% of the body's total water
ECF
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Mr B. has severe emphysema & cannot exhale efficiently. As CO2 accumulates, the pH of his body fluids will ____ and he will be in state called_____?
In this state, Mr. B's blood might be ___?
Decrease acidosis 7.32
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Mrs. T. is 72 years old & has osteoporosis, a condition in which the bones have become fragile & tend to fracture more easily. WHich mineral does she not have enough have?
Calcium
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Following a car accident, Mr. M is hospitalized & is receiving an intravenous solution of dextrose (glucose) in water. The direct purpose of this solution is to____?
Provide an energy source for cell respiration
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Ms. C is 16 years old and her doctor has advised her to eat foods rich in iron. The most probable reason for this recommendation is to____.
Provide for adequate hemogoblin synthesis to prevent anemia
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The direct source of energy for cells is usually
Glucose
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An atom has a charge after losing or gaining electrons is called:
an Ion
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The smallest part of an element is:
An atom
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The normal pH range of blood is
7.35-7.45
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Formula for ions of sodium & chlorine?
Na+, CI-
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Formula shows a molecule with covalent bonds?
H2O
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2 compounds that are important for energy storage in the body?
Glycogen & true fats
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Intracellular fluid is the name for water found in
cells
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Enzymes are molecules that catalyze reactions & are all:
Proteins
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The trace element most essential for oxygen transport in the blood is:
Iron
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Correct pH values:
Acid_
Neutral_
Alkaline_
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Organic molecules correct subunits:
Glycogen ___
DNA & RNA___
True fats_____
- Glucose
- Nucleotides
- Fatty acids & glycerol
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An enzyme may become inactive when:
- body temperature rises excessively
- The pH of body fluids becomes too acidic
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Genetic code in our cells?
DNA in chromosomes
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The energy transfer molecule formed in cell respiration is:
ATP
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The waste product of cell respiration is:
carbon dioxide
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The 2 elements that provide strength in bones & teeth are:
Ca & P
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A carbohydrate is made of the elements:
Carbon, hydrogen & oxygen
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The polysaccharide that is an energy source is:
Glycogen, starch, sucrose
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The molecule used to synthesize the hormones estrogen & testosterone is:
cholesterol
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Hydrogen bonds help maintain the 3 dimensional shape of:
Proteins & DNA
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The trace element that helps maintain the shape of some proteins by forming bonds is:
Sulfur
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Functions of proteins:
- Muscle contraction
- antibodies to pathogens
- structures such as tendons
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An organic molecule that is an important part of cell membrane?
Phospholipid
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Blood plasma is an example of:
- An extracellular fluid
- A transporting fluid
- As solvent
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Water is:
a molecule made of hydrogen & oxygen
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Involve the sharing of electrons between atoms
Not weakened in water solution
Covalent bonds
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Involve the loss of electrons by 1 atom & the gain of these electrons by another atom
Ionic bonds
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Inorganic molecules such as salts are formed by_____?
Ionic bonds
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Water found surrounding cells
Tissue fluid
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Water found in blood vessels
Plasma
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Water found in lymph vessels
Lymph
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Water found within cells
Intracellular fluid
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Required for the complete breakdown of a glucose molecule which comes from breathing
Oxygen
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The purpose of _________is to produce ATP to provide energy for cellular processes.
Cell respiration
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A carbohydrate (sugar)molecule obtained from food.
Glucose
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The CO2 formed is exhaled
The water formed becomes part of intracellular fluid
The ATP produced is used for cellular functions that require energy
The heat energy produced provides a constant body temperature
Cell respiration
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Part of bones & teeth
Iron
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Part of the hormone thyroxine
Calcium
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Part of hemogoblin
Iodine
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Prevents drastic changes in the pH of body fluids
Buffer system
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Neutral point on the pH scale is:
7.0
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Contains more H+ions than OH- ions
Acidic solution
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The senses of taste depends upon the solvent ability of:
water
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Excess body heat evaporates water on the skin surface
In sweating
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A lubricant & prevents friction as food moves through the digestive tract
Water
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The excretions of waste products in urine depends on:
the solvent action of water
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a form of energy storage in liver
Glycogen
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used to synthesize the steroid hormones
cholesterol
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Part of DNA & RNA
Pentose sugars
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Function:
Muscle structure & contraction
Part of the structure of skin & tendons
Enzymes to catalyze reactions
Hemogoblin transports oxygen in RBC's
Function of proteins
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Are proteins
theory is called the active site theory
Shape is related to the type of reaction it will catalyze
Changes in the body temperature or pH may affect the functioning
Functions of enzymes
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DNA makes up the chromosomes of cells
RNA is a single strand of nucleotides
RNA functions in the process of protein synthesis
DNA is the genetic code for our hereditary characteristics
Nucleic acids
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A specialized nucleotide
Product of cell respiration
Needed for energy requiring cellular reactions
Contains 3 phosphate groups
ATP
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Synthesis reaction involve the formation of bonds
Synthesis reaction usually require energy
Decomposition reactions involve the breaking of bonds
Decomposition reactions change large molecules to smaller ones
Chemical reactions
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Disulfide bonds maintain the shape of some proteins
Glucose is an organic molecule because it contains carbon
Water molecules are cohesive because of the presence of hydrogen bonds
Hydrogen bonds help maintain the shape of DNA
Chemical bonds & molecules
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Saturated fatty acids have the maximum # of hydrogen atoms
Cholesterol is part of the cell membranes
Trans fats are believed to contribute to atherosclerosis
Unsaturated fatty acids are often found in vegetable oils
Lipids
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Water is considered the solvent within cells, tissues & blood vessels
-The mineral necessary for blood clotting is calcium
-Ionic bonds are found in molecules of salts
-Oxygen is one of the reactant molecules in cell respiration
Inorganic compounds
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-Some lipid & carbohydrates molecules are storage forms for energy
-The genetic code is contained in DNA, a type of nucleic acid
-Cell membranes contain phospholipids, steroids, & proteins
-Disaccharide molecules are important because they are energy sources
-Proteins may be structural molecules in cells
-The synthesis of proteins requires RNA
-Oligosaccharides are markers of "self" on cell membranes
Organic compounds
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