FUND 2 A&P CHEMISTRY

A substance made of only one type of atom

Fe

Ca

O

C

H

K

Na

I

P

Mg

N

S

CI

Cu

Zn

Co

Mn

F

The subunits of atoms are _______?

The atomic subunit that has a negative charge is the _____ & the subunit that has a positive charge is the_______

The subunit that has no charge is the ____

Which subunits are found in the atomic nucleus?

Which subunits gives an atom its bonding capabilities?

An atom that has lost or gained electrons & now has a positive or negative charge is called an ___?

The bonding of two or more atoms results in the formation of a ____?

The bond formed when 1 atom loses electrons that are gained by other atoms is called an_____?

The bond formed when 2 or more atoms share electrons is called a ____

Name a molecule that exists naturally as a gas?

Name a molecule that exists naturally as a liquid

Name a molecule that exists naturally as a solid

The type of bond that may be weakened in a aqueous (water) solution is the _____?

The atoms of organic molecules such as carbohydrates & proteins are bonded by ______

The special covalent bonds found only in proteins such as insulin, to help maintain their 3 dimensional shape are called _______

The weak bonds that maintain the 3 dimensional shape of proteins & nucleic acids are called

A reaction in which smaller molecules bond to form a new, larger molecule called a _____?

A reaction in which bonds are broken & a large molecule is changed to smaller ones is called a ____?

The most abundant compound in the body is ___?

Water is a solvent, which means that many substances ____ in water

State a specific way in which water as a solvent is important to the body.

Water is a lubricant, which means that it prevents ____ between surfaces

State a specific way in which water as a lubricant is important to the body.

Water absorbs a great deal of heat as it evaporates. State why this is important to the body.

Water found in blood vessels is called (NOT BLOOD) _____?

Water found within cells is called _____?

Water found in lymph vessels is called____?

Water found between cells is called_____?

In what form is oxygen found in the atmosphere?

State the chemical formula of oxygen?

Within the body, oxygen is essential for the process called ____, which produces _______ for cellular processes that require energy.

Carbon dioxide is produced in the body as a waste product of the process of _____?

State the chemical formula of carbon dioxide?

If excess CO2 is present in body fluids, these fluids will become too_____?

Complete the summary reaction of cell respiration by naming the 4 products of the reaction:

State what happens to each of the two molecular products.

State the purpose of each of the 2 energy forms produced.

Part of hemogoblin in red blood cells

Part of some proteins such as insulins

Provides strength in bones & teeth
Necessary for blood clotting
Necessary for muscle contraction

Part of hormone thyroxine

Provides strength in bones & teeth
Part of DNA & RNA

Necessary for nerve impulse transmission
Necessary for muscle transaction

State the range of the PH scale

In this scale, the number that indicates a neutral pH is ___?

"0 to 14"

Neutral means that there are as many ___ ions as there are _____ ions in the solution.

The portion of the pH scale from 0 to 6.99 represents solutions that are_____?

The portion of the pH scale from 7.01 to 14 represents solutions that are ____?

STate the normal pH range of blood:

This pH range means that blood is slightly

Chemicals in body fluids that help prevent drastic pH changes are called____?

The bicarbonate buffer system may buffer either strong acids or strong bases in body fluids.
a) H2CO3 (name:_______) may buffer a strong ________.

NaHCO3 (name:______) may buffer a strong _______

When a strong acid such as HCI is buffered by the bicarbonate buffer system, the following reaction takes place:

HCI+NaHCO3→NaCI+H2CO3

a)Name the products of this reaction:______and________
b) HCI is a strong acid, which means it would have a _______ effect on the pH of body fluids.
c) One of the products of this reaction is the salt_____, which has what effect on pH?_______(great, slight, or no effect)
d) The other product is the weak acid _______, which has what effect on pH?______(great, slight or no effect)

A 6-carbon monosaccharide or hexose sugar

A 5-carbon monosaccharide

A disaccharide

A polysaccharide made by plans for energy storage

A polysaccharide for energy storage in animal cells

A polysaccharide that is part of plant cell walls

Made of one glycerol and one, 2 or 3 fatty acids

A diglyceride that includes a phosphate group

A steroid

The molecular subunits of proteins

Made of many amino acids

FUNCTION:
The primary energy source for cells

FUNCTION:
Part of DNA & RNA

FUNCTION:
A sugar that is digested to monosaccharides to produce energy

FUNCTION:
A polysaccharide that is digested to glucose & used for energy production

FUNCTION:

The storage form for glucose in the liver & muscles

FUNCTION:
A polysaccharide that promotes peristalsis in the colon
Also called fiber

FUNCTION:
An energy storage molecule in subcutaneous tissue

FUNCTION:
A diglyceride that is part of cell membranes

FUNCTION:
Changed to vitamin D in the skin on exposure to sunlight
Used to synthesize the steroid hormones

FUNCTION:
Bonded by peptide bonds to form proteins

FUNCTION:
These include enzymes & antibodies
These include hemogoblin & insulin

H
  NH2   C     COOH
           R
a) Name the elements in the molecule:
b) Name this molecule: 
c) Name the type of bond that holds its element together:

look @ pic before
a) Name the larger molecules that are made of many of this type of smaller molecule. _____
b)State 3 functions of these larger molecules in the body._______   _______  _________

Fiber to provide exercise for the colon; promotes peristalsis

Enzymes are proteins that increase the rate of reactions without the need for additional energy. Another way to say this is that enzymes are ______in the body.

An increase in body temperature, such as fever, may inactivate enzymes because the higher temperature changes the______ of the enzymes.

A state of acidosis may inactivate enzymes because excess_______ ions block______of these enzymes

Both DNA & RNA are made of subunits called nucleotides. A nucleotide consists of 3 smaller molecules:

A double strand of nucleotides 
Contains the nitrogenous bases A, T, C & G

A single strand of nucleotides 
Contains the nitrogenous bases A,U,C & G

A single nucleotide with 3 phosphate groups 
Made from ADP & phosphate

DNA Double helix 

T is always paired with __?

DNA Double helix 

C is always paired with_?

Makes up the chromosomes in the nucleus of a cell
The genetic code or hereditary characteristics

Directly involved in protein synthesis

Formed when energy is released in cell respiration
Provides energy for cellular reactions

Allows ions to take part in other chemical reactions

Made of only 1 type of atom

Water within cells

Include sugars, starch, & glycogen

The value that indicates acidity or alkalinity

Decreases the concentration of H+ ions

Speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction

Inorganic chemicals needed by the body in small amounts

Made of amino acids

The subunits of proteins

Minimizes changes in pH

Energy production within cells

Bond that holds ions together

Will catalyze only 1 type of reaction

DNA & RNA are ___?

Smallest part of an element

Sharing of electrons between atoms forms a ____?

Increases the concentration oh H+ ions

Include true fats & steroids

35% of the body's total water

Mr B. has severe emphysema & cannot exhale efficiently. As CO2 accumulates, the pH of his body fluids will ____ and he will be in state called_____?

In this state, Mr. B's blood might be ___?

Mrs. T. is 72 years old & has osteoporosis, a condition in which the bones have become fragile & tend to fracture more easily. WHich mineral does she not have enough have?

Following a car accident, Mr. M is hospitalized & is receiving an intravenous solution of dextrose (glucose) in water. The direct purpose of this solution is to____?

Ms. C is 16 years old and her doctor has advised her to eat foods rich in iron. The most probable reason for this recommendation is to____.

The direct source of energy for cells is usually

An atom has a charge after losing or gaining electrons is called:

The smallest part of an element is:

The normal pH range of blood is

Formula for ions of sodium & chlorine?

Formula shows a molecule with covalent bonds?

2 compounds that are important for energy storage in the body?

Intracellular fluid is the name for water found in

Enzymes are molecules that catalyze reactions & are all:

The trace element most essential for oxygen transport in the blood is:

Correct pH values:
Acid_
Neutral_
Alkaline_

5, 7, 9

Organic molecules correct subunits:
Glycogen ___
DNA & RNA___
True fats_____

An enzyme may become inactive when:

Genetic code in our cells?

The energy transfer molecule formed in cell respiration is:

The waste product of cell respiration is:

The 2 elements that provide strength in bones & teeth are:

A carbohydrate is made of the elements:

The polysaccharide that is an energy source is:

The molecule used to synthesize the hormones estrogen & testosterone is:

Hydrogen bonds help maintain the 3 dimensional shape of:

The trace element that helps maintain the shape of some proteins by forming bonds is:

Functions of proteins:

An organic molecule that is an important part of cell membrane?

Blood plasma is an example of:

Name elements:

Water is:

Involve the sharing of electrons between atoms
Not weakened in water solution

Involve the loss of electrons by 1 atom & the gain of these electrons by another atom

Inorganic molecules such as salts are formed by_____?

Water found surrounding cells

Water found in blood vessels

Water found in lymph vessels

Water found within cells

Required for the complete breakdown of a glucose molecule which comes from breathing

The purpose of _________is to produce ATP to provide energy for cellular processes.

A carbohydrate (sugar)molecule obtained from food.

The CO2 formed is exhaled 
The water formed becomes part of intracellular fluid
The ATP produced is used for cellular functions that require energy
The heat energy produced provides a constant body temperature

Part of bones & teeth

Part of the hormone thyroxine

Part of hemogoblin

Prevents drastic changes in the pH of body fluids

Neutral point on the pH scale is:

Contains more H+ions than OH- ions

The senses of taste depends upon the solvent ability of:

Excess body heat evaporates water on the skin surface

A lubricant & prevents friction as food moves through the digestive tract

The excretions of waste products in urine depends on:

a form of energy storage in liver

Form of energy

used to synthesize the steroid hormones

Part of DNA & RNA

Function:
Muscle structure & contraction
Part of the structure of skin & tendons
Enzymes to catalyze reactions
Hemogoblin transports oxygen in RBC's

Are proteins
theory is called the active site theory
Shape is related to the type of reaction it will catalyze
Changes in the body temperature or pH may affect the functioning

DNA makes up the chromosomes of cells 
RNA is a single strand of nucleotides
RNA functions in the process of protein synthesis
DNA is the genetic code for our hereditary characteristics

A specialized nucleotide
Product of cell respiration 
Needed for energy requiring cellular reactions 
Contains 3 phosphate groups

Synthesis reaction involve the formation of bonds 
Synthesis reaction usually require energy
Decomposition reactions involve the breaking of bonds
Decomposition reactions change large molecules to smaller ones

Disulfide bonds maintain the shape of some proteins 
Glucose is an organic molecule because it contains carbon
Water molecules are cohesive because of the presence of hydrogen bonds  
Hydrogen bonds help maintain the shape of DNA

Saturated fatty acids have the maximum # of hydrogen atoms 
Cholesterol is part of the cell membranes
Trans fats are believed to contribute to atherosclerosis 
Unsaturated fatty acids are often found in vegetable oils

Water is considered the solvent within cells, tissues & blood vessels
-The mineral necessary for blood clotting is calcium
-Ionic bonds are found in molecules of salts
-Oxygen is one of the reactant molecules in cell respiration

-Some lipid & carbohydrates molecules are storage forms for energy 
-The genetic code is contained in DNA, a type of nucleic acid
-Cell membranes contain phospholipids, steroids, & proteins
-Disaccharide molecules are important because they are energy sources
-Proteins may be structural molecules in cells
-The synthesis of proteins requires RNA
-Oligosaccharides are markers of "self" on cell membranes