the sum total of all chemical reaction in all living things.
define anabolism
A building reaction. Reactions in which small molecules are put together to build larger ones, Anabolic reactions require energy
define catabolism
A breakdown reaction. Reactions in which large molecules are broken down into smaller ones, catabolic reactions release energy
define coupled reactions
pairs of chemical reactions in which some of the energy released from the breakdown of one compound is used to create a bond in the formation of another compound
what are some forms of energy?
heat
mechanical
electrical
chemical
where does all energy come from?
the sun
what form of energy exist in food?
chemical energy
what is ATP
ATP is a common high energy compound composed of a purine(adenine) a sugar(ribose) and 3 phosphate group
why is ATP significant?
because its the bodies energy currency
What are the two Metabolic Systems?
1-Glycolytic System
2-Aerobic or Oxidative system
Define Aerobic or oxidative system
It requires oxygen to generate ATP
Define the Glycolytic Metabolic System
The metabolic breakdown of glucose to pyruvate. Glycolysis is Anaerobic, it does not require oxygen
how is ATP regenerated in cells?
1-Glycolytic System via A-Glycolytic System
B-Lactic Acid Pathway
2-Aerobic or Oxidative System
A-Pyruvate to Acetyl Co
B-Kreb Cycle
C-ETC
what are the end products of metabolism?
ATP and Water
where does metabolism take place?
body cells and liver
how efficient is glycolysis in producing ATP?
it is 50% efficiently, the rest of the 50% is radiated as heat
what are the four basic units of energy derived from food?
1-glucose
2-glycerol
3-fatty acids
4-amino acids
what is a pyruvate?
a 3-carbon structure (compound)
what is a acetyl CoA?
a 2-carbon structure (compound) with an attached Coezyme
true or false
Can pyruvate be used to make glucose?
true
Pyruvate can be used to make glucose
true or false
Can Acetyl CoA be used to make glucose?
False
Acetyl Coa cannot be used to make glucose
true or false?
the parts of proteins and fats that can be converted to pyruvate can provide glucose for the body?
true
parts of protein and fats can be converted to glucose
true or false?
can parted converted to Acetyl Coa be used to make glucose?
False
Parts that are converted to Acetyl Coa cannot be used to provide glucose, they can only provide fat
true or false?
all the energy yielding nutrients, protein, carbs and fat can be broken down to Acetyl CoA?
True
proteins, carbs and fats can be broken down to Acetyl CoA
true or false?
ETC is a pathway in energy metabolism?
true
true or false?
TCA cycle, tricarboxylic acid cycle, citric acid, citric acid cycle and the Kreb's cycle, all mean the same cycle?
True
all cycles do the same thing, just got different names attached
define the TCA cycle
a series of metabolic reactions that break down molecules of acetyl CoA to carbon dioxide and hydrogen atoms
Define ETC
the final pathway in energy metabolism that transports electrons from hydrogen to oxygen and captures the energy released in the bonds of ATP
true or false?
AA can be converted to Pyruvate, Acetyl CoA or can enter the TCA cycle directly?
true
AA are the only thing that can enter any energy pathway
true or false?
Glycerol can only be converted to Pyruvate?
true
glycerol can only be converted to Pyruvate
true or false?
glucose is split to make two 3 carbon compounds known as Pyruvate?
True
one glucose molecule produces two pyruvates
true or false?
Glucose can be converted to Pyruvate and pyruvates can be converted back to glucose?
true
glucose and pyruvates can be converted back and forth dictated by the cells needs
what are the steps of converting glucose to pyruvate?
1-ATP is used to start glycolysis
2-glucose is converted into two 3-carbon comp
3-ATP is produced
4-Coenzymes take H and electrons to ETC
5-ATP is produced
6-3-carbon compound convert to Pyruvates
true or false?
for quick and short energy demand such as a sprint the body converts glucose into pyruvate and pyruvate into Acetyl CoA without oxygen?
true
Pyruvate does not need oxygen for a quick short energy demand such as a sprint
true or false?
For a slower energy needs such as jogging, glucose is converted to Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA in an Aerobic pathway?
True
oxygen is needed for slower energy demand
true or false?
under certain circumstances such as insufficient mitochondria or lack of oxygen the pyruvate accepts the hydrogen atom and its converted to Lactate
true
this can occur is the cells don't have enough oxygen or lack a sufficient number of mitochondria
true or false?
the step from pyruvate to Acetyl CoA is chemically irreversible?
true
Once the pyruvate is converted to Acetyl CoA the carbon group from pyruvate becomes carbon dioxide which is expelled out of the body through the lungs
