Research Exam 1

practice based on the best available evidence, patient preferences, and clinical judgment

changing practice based on the results of a single research study

a set of concepts linked through propositions to provide an explanation of a phenomenon

ranking of evidence from strongest to weakest

factors that limit or prevent change

something new or novel

model to assist in understanding how new ideas come to be accepted practice

individuals who are the first to embrace an innovation

individuals who are slow or fail to adopt an innovation

systematic study that leads to new knowledge and/or solutions to problems or questions

research concerned with providing accurate descriptions about phenomena

research concerned with identifying relationships among phenomena

research that forecasts precise relationships between dimensions or phenomena or differences between groups

research to gain knowledge for the sake of gaining knowledge

research to discover knowledge that will solve a clinical problem

research that uses numbers to obtain precise measurements

rsch that uses words to describe human behaviors

verifiable by experiences through the five senses

thinking that moves from the general to the specific

thinking that moves from specific to general

the first section of a research article that provides an overview of the study

part of a research article that states the problem and purpose

an unbiased, comprehension, synthesized description of relevant previously published studies

the structure of a study that links the theory concepts to the study variables

major portion of a research article describing the study design, sample, and data collection

Component of a research article that reports the met hods used to analyze data and characteristics of the sample

portion of the research article that interpret results and how finding extend the body of knowledge

information for each article cited in a research report

a model of the scientific process

an example of unethical research using human subjects during WWII

made POW's drink seawater, expose to mustard gas, high altitude experiments, given hypothermia, etc.

Ethical code for research that uses human subjects

a study during which subjects were denied treatment so the effects of their disease could be studied

an unethical injection of cancer to subjects without their consent

an unethical study involving coercion of parents to allow their children to be involved in a study in exchange for admission to a long-term care facility

a model explaning how five levels are intertwined to contribute to EBP

practice changes that can be implemented by any individual nurse

when nurses in an organization affect practice changes

provides specific strategies organizations can use to improve adoption of an evidence-based innovation

when nurses from a large geographic area collaborate to change practice

ollboration among nurses among the country to affect practice changes

an international standard providing physicians guidelines for conducting biomedical research

voluntary participation by research subjects who have been informed of possible risks and benefits

a committee that reviews research proposals to determine that research is ethical

a report outlining three major principles for the conduct of ethical research with human subjects

principle that individuals should be treated as autonomous and those with dimished autonomy are entitled to protection

the principle of doing good

the principle of equity or fairness in the distribution of burdens and benefits

an ethical rule stating that nurses should advance the body of knowledge

and ethical rule stating the nurses should preform actions to benefit the patient

gap in knowledge that requires a solution

a description of a single or novel event

a small study to test a new intervention before testing with larger samples

applying studies from a sample to wider population

a rigorous and systematic synthesis of research findings about a clinical problem

a clinical problem of interest

describes the problem addressed in the study

a statement indicating the aim of the study

an interrogatory statement describing the variables and population of the research study

when one variable changes, so does the other variable

when change in one variable is associate with change in another variable

when one variable determines the presence or change  in another variable

a hypothesis describing the relationship between two variables

describes the relationship among three or more variables

statement of the relationship between two variables that does not predict the direction of the relationship

describes the direction of a relationship between the variables

hypothesis stating that there is no relationship between the variables

"statistical hypothesis"

No relationship among the variable;

"Null hypothesis"

states that a relationship between two or more variables exists

objectively measurable data gathered through the five senses to confirm or refute a hypothesis

variable that influences the dependent variable or outcome

Is influenced by the independent variable

factors that interfere with the relationship between the independent and dependent variables

• Patient population
• Intervention of interest
• Comparison of interest
• Outcome of interest

Used to formulate EBP

Commentaries, summaries reviews or interpretations of primary sources.  

Text books, systematic reviews, biographies and general magazines.

Original information by the person responsible for creating it. 

Journal articles, book chapters, dissertations or conference proceedings

Research papers published as primary sources undergo rigorous evaluation by editors

Literature that is specific to one topic.  ie. Magazine for ER nurses.  Can be very scholarly to very general information.

Based on common/uncommon elements of works without concern for research methods, designs or settings.

The ROL section is a narrative review.

Papers that synthesize published studies to answer questions about an interest/phenomena

Combine results of studies into a measurable format and statistically estimate the effects of proposed interventions.  Include published and unpublished works.

A combination of Narrative, Integrated and Meta-Analyses. Good for when evidence is needed quickly.

Yet to be published works.

and, or or not. words used to link search terms

• 4 concepts to nursing:
• Person, environment, health and nursing

Concepts in a theory that sound like dictionary definitions

Explicitly state how the variable will be measured

measures of the variables being studied

Separately describes each study

Author summarizes multiple papers within text

The relationship between cause and effect or the independent variable has the ability to produce a specific effect on the dependent variable.

The chance that an event will occur

Researchers ability to manipulate, regulate or statistically adjust for extraneous variables

Factors that interfere with the relationship between independent and dependent variables

Extraneous variables influence the relationship between IV and DV

Study design where two groups of subjects can be compared

Comparisons are made upon subjects at 2+ times during research

Accepting results as logical based on evidence presented

The degree to which one can conclude that the IV produced changes to the DV

The degree which the results can be generalized to other subjects, settings and times.

• AKA:  Ex post facto
• used in epidemiological studies, chart audits, historical interviews

A snap-shot of data about IV and DV at one point of time

Using multiple groups (cohorts) in a nonexperimental cross-sectional design

Gathering data about subjects at more than one point in time.

AKA: Prospective design

Longitudinal design with the same subjects at multiple time points.

Long. design with different samples across time

Long design used to follow subjects into the future

Experimental design using 2+ treatments

Subjects altered behavior to please experimenter

The influence of participating in a study on the responses of subjects

Threats to external validity when the sample does not represent the population

Design involving random assignment to groups and manipulation of the IV

The manipulation of the IV but lacking either random assignment or a control group

Research design that lacks manipulation of the IV and random assignment

Research for the purpose of linking research findings to the point of care

Active involvement of community members throughout the research process

Research involving phenomena related to the delivery of health care