A&P renal system

what separates the ICF from the ECF

what separates the plasma from the interstitial fluid

this is a passive process whereby solutes move across a permeable membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

this is a type of diffusion whereby water moves across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration

movement of substances between the blood and the interstitial fluid is known as what

what are the three mechanisms that continually exchange substances between the blood and interstitial fluid

the most important mechanism for solute exchange between the blood and interstitial fluid is what

the transport mechanism for large, lipid-insoluble molecules that cannot pass through the capillary walls to the interstitial fluid any other way is what

this is a passive process whereby large numbers of ions, molecules and particles in fluid move together in the same direction is known as what

in bulk flow, this is a pressure-driven movement from the blood capillaries into the interstitial  fluid

in bulk flow, this is a pressure-driven movement from the interstitial fluid into the blood capillaries

what are the pressures that promote filtration

for pressures that promote filtration, what is the pressure generated by the pumping action of the heart

for pressures that promote filtration, what is the pressure exerted by the presence of small proteins in interstitial fluid (this pressure is normally very low: ~1mmHg)

what are the pressures that promote reabsorption

in the pressures that promote reabsorption, what is the pressure exerted by colloidal suspension of large plasma proteins

in the pressures that promote reabsorption, this pressure is normally very low

the balance of all 4 pressure that determines if the volume of blood and interstitial fluid changes or remains steady is known as what

this explains the near equilibrium between the fluid and solutes in the plasma and the interstitial fluid

which pressures promote filtration across the capillary wall

which pressures promote reabsorption across the capillary wall

the excess ______ within the interstitial space enters the _______ capillaries an is returned to the blood circulation via _______ at the junction of the subclavian and jugular veins

what is the main factor that determines body fluid volume

what is the main factor that determines body fluid osmolarity

what are the functions of the kidneys

in the kidney, what is located near the center of the medial border

this is the most superficial tissue layer surrounding the kidney

this is a mass of fatty tissue surrounding each kidney that lies deep to the renal fascia, and it protects and holds the kidney firmly in place within the abd cavity

this is the deepest layer surrounding the kidney parenchyma, it maintains the kidneys shape, and serves as a barrier against trauma

most renal nerves are _______ that regulate blood flow through the kidneys

what insures adequate blood flow and glomerular filtration during "tonic" or resting sympathetic nervous system input

this extends from the renal capsule to the bases of the renal pyramids, extends into spaces between renal pyramids as renal columns, and is smooth textured

how many renal pyramids are within the medulla of the kidney

within the medulla of the kidneys, what part of the renal pyramid contacts the cortex

within the medulla of the kidneys, what part of the renal pyramid is the renal papilla

this consists of a single renal pyramid, it overlies the area of the renal cortex, and one-half of each adjacent renal column

how many minor calyces does each kidney contain

each calyx of the kidney receives what

what receives urine from the minor calyces

how many major calyces are in each kidney

what receives urine from the major calyces

within the renal pelvis, what transports urine from the renal pelvis to the bladder

these are cavities within the kidney that often contains adipose tissue

what contains part of the renal pelvis, the calyces, and branches of the renal blood vessels and nerves

what are the functional units of the kidneys

clinical signs of kidney dysfunction usually are not observed until when

what are the major structures of the nephron

within the nephron, this is the location where blood plasma is filtered

within the nephron, this is the location through which filtered fluid passes

how are the nephrons divided

what contains the short loops of henle, and has the renal corpuscles are located in the upper and middle regions of the cortex

this contains the long loops of henle, and the renal corpuscles are located deep in the cortex

what is the renal blood flow in the adult

these are branches from the abdominal aorta and transport oxygenated blood to each kidney

the blood in the right and left renal arteries is filtered where

these transport filtered, deoxygenated blood to the inferior vena cava, and the blood returns to the lungs for re-oxygenation

this is the location where renal filtration takes place

what are the components of the renal corpuscle

within the renal corpuscle, this is a capillary system, has a fenestrated endothelial cell layer, and contains a basement membrane and mesangial cells

what underlies the endothelium of the glomerulus

this supports the glomerulus structurally and can contract and reduce the capillary surface area available for filtration

within the renal corpuscle, this is a mitt-like structure surround the entire glomerulus

within the bowmans capsule, this is a cavity that receives filtered fluid from the glomerular capillaries

within the bowmans capsule, this is a single epithelial cell layer surrounding the glomerular capillaries

within podocytes, these are foot-like projections

what forms the visceral layer of Bowmans capsule

blood flows through one _____ into each glomerulus

one _____ transports blood out of each glomerulus

blood flowing from the glomerulus enters capillaries surrounding what

what are the capillaries that surround the renal tubules

within the capillaries of the renal tubules, what receives blood from the efferent arterioles, and surround the part of the renal tubular system located in the cortex

within the capillaries of the renal tubules, what receives blood from the efferent arterioles, and surround the part of the renal tubular system located in the medulla

this is where filtrate enters the bowman space then flows through the renal tubular system where the processes of tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion occurs

what are the renal tubules in sequence

within the renal tubules, where does most solute and water reabsorption occur

within the renal tubules, this area is impermeable to solutes (Na+, K+, and urea), permeable to water, and concentrates the tubular fluid

within the renal tubules, this area is impermeable to water, permeable to solutes (Na+, K+, Cl-, and urea in the thin portion only), and dilutes tubular fluid

within the renal tubules, this area modifies electrolyte concentration within the tubular filtrate

within the renal tubules, these areas receive tubular filtrate from the nephrons, is the site of free water absorption through aquaporins, is the final site for H+ or HCO3 secretion, and is where the urine flows through papillae into the minor calyces

what are the 3 processes of urine formation

within urine formation, what is the process of filtration that yields filtrate

within urine formation, when does a substance get transported from the tubular filtrate into the blood in peritubular capillaries and vasa recta

within urine formation, when does a substance get transported from the blood in peritubular capillaries and vasa recta into the tubular filtrate

the is the area where the distal convoluted tubule nearly contacts its parent glomerulus

what does the juxtaglomerular apparatus contain

within the juxtaglomerular apparatus, these form part of the wall of the distal convoluted tubule

within the juxtaglomerular apparatus, this is located near the afferent arteriole serving the "parent" glomerulus

what are the functions of the macula densa cells

what are the major concepts of the glomerular filtration

this is the fraction of blood plasma in kidney afferent arterioles that becomes filtrate

what are the average daily volumes of glomerular filtrate for men and women

this is a "leaky" barrier, it permits filtration of water, solutes, and very small protein molecules, and it prevents filtration of most plasma proteins, blood cells, and platelets

what are the 3 layers of the filtration membrane

within the filtration membrane, this areas permits all solutes in plasma to exit glomerular capillaries, and prevents filtration of platelets and blood cells

within the filtration membrane, this area prevents filtration of larger plasma proteins

within the filtration membrane, this area permits passage of molecules <0.006 - 0.007 microns, and less than 1% of plasma albumin passes through here

what are the exceptions for when filtration through glomerular capillaries is similar to filtration through other capillaries in the body

filtration through the glomerulus is a product of what

three starling forces determine what

glomerular filtration occurs when the net filtration pressure is what

this pressure forces fluid out of the glomerular capillaries and promotes filtration

glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure is a product of ______ arteriolar diameter and "upstream" _____ artery, _____ artery, and _______ blood pressure

normal pressure of glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure is what

what are the intrarenal and extrarenal mechanisms that regulate afferent and efferent arterial diameter

this is pressure exerted by plasma proteins that draws fluid into glomerular capillaries, and it opposes filtration

what is the normal pressure of glomerular capillary oncotic pressure

what pressure is synonymous with interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure, and pressure within here opposes filtration

what is the normal back pressure of bowmans space hydrostatic pressure

this pressure promotes filtration of fluid into the bowmans space, and in a healthy person the amount of protein in bowmans space is negligible so this pressure is not significant

this reflects the size and number of functioning nephrons

when is glomerular filtration adversely affected

a net filtation of _____ causes a normal volume of blood plasma to filter from the ______ capillaries into the _____

this is the measurement of plasma volume that is filtered across all functioning glomeruli in both kidneys per minute

what is the average adult GFR

what occurs if the GFR is too high

what occurs if the GFR is too low

GFR is directly related to what

when is the GFR nearly constant

what are the factors that decrease or stop filtration

what is the most reliable test of renal function

what is the GFR measurement based on

what is the plasma volume cleared of a substance per unit time called

what are the 2 ways clinical labs measure GFR

what occurs when GFR decreases

in renal clearance, what test is routinely used to measure an endogenous waste substance produced by muscle metabolism

which test is used to determine the extent of nephron damage in pts with known renal dz, determines the feasibility of administering certain medications which may build up to dangerous blood levels if GFR is significantly decreased, and is used to monitor effectiveness of tx designed to prevent further nephron damage

GFR is regulated by changes in blood flow to glomeruli via what

the 2 mechanisms of this are known as renal autoregulatory processes

what are the 2 mechanisms of the intrarenal feedback systems

within the myogenic mechanism, the renal arteries and _____ respond directly to ______ systemic blood pressure by ______

which mechanism of the intrarenal feedback system involves the macula densa of the JGA

what are the flow rates of the tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism

which flow rate of the tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism is where less filtrate volume flows past the macula densa, more Na+ reabsorption from the filtrate occurs, the macula densa senses decreased Na+ concentration of filtrate in the DCT, and the afferent arterioles dilate in response to NO release from JG cells

which flow rate is where increased Na+ concentration in the DCT is sensed by the macula densa, afferent arterioles constrict when NO secretion from the JG cells is inhibited, and increased tubular flow causes macula densa cells to secrete adenosine or ATP causing constriction of afferent arterioles

the myogenic and tubuloglomerular feedback mechanisms regulate GFR on a minute-by-minute basis and maintain GFR when the MAP is what

this is activated in response to decreased renal blood flow

what detects decreased blood pressure in the renal vascular system and directly stimulate renin secretion by JG cells adjacent to afferent arterioles

the RAAS is activated to _____ systemic BP, but the GFR is being _____ at the same time

this is released from cardiac myocytes within the right atrium in response to increased blood volume

circulating atrial natriuretic peptide _____ afferent arterioles and ______ efferent arterioles

what occurs when the GFR is increased by atrial natriuretic peptide

decreased systemic BP stimulates sympathetic nerves to secrete _____ and _____

what overrides intrarenal mechanisms reducing renal blood flow and GFR

what are the intrarenal prostaglandins

these act as paracrine hormones causing mesangial cell relaxation

most reabsorption of solutes and water occurs here

the fine-tuning of fluid and electrolytes occurs here

what is known as obligatory water reabsorption

which area of the PCT is where the Na+ an water enters the tubular cells via secondary active cotransport with glucose, amino acids, organic acids, and phosphates, and Na+/H+ antiporters facilitate H+ secretion into the filtrate

which area of the PCT is where the Na+/H+ antiporters continue to secrete H+ and reabsorb Na+, and Cl- enters tubule cells through the apical antiporters

with Na+ reabsorption, which area of the LOH is impermeable to Na+

which area of the DCT is where Na+ and Cl- are transported into tubule cells by Na+-Cl- cotransporters

which area of the DCT is where Na+ and K+ channels allow passive Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion

within the late DCT, what influences the increase of channel numbers

in the collecting duct, passive Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion occurs through Na+/K+ channels under the influence of what

what becomes the rate limiting step for reabsorption of glucose

the capability of Na+/glucose carriers to transport glucose becoming the rate limiting step for reabsorption is known as what

what occurs when the filtered load of glucose is high

the renal threshold for glucose is exceeded when plasma glucose concentration is what

filtered HCO3- in H+ secreted from tubule cells form CO2 and H2O where