Psychology Final Exam

• What am I being asked to believe or accept?
• is the evidence available to support the claim?
• Can the evidence be interpreted another way?
• What evidence would help evaluate the alternatives?
• What conclusions are most reasonable?

• a procedure in which a neutral stimulus is paired with a stimulus that triggers a reflexive response until the neutral stimulus alone comes to trigger a similar response
• subconscious changes
• what's before the stimuli matters most

• a process in which responses are learned on the basis of their rewarding or punishing consequences
• conscious thought changes
• what's after the stimuli matters most

• First Year: Trust vs. Mistrust
• Second Year: Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
• Third-Fifth Year: Initiative vs. Guilt
• Sixth Year-Puberty: Industry vs. Inferiority
• Adolescence: Identity vs. Role Confusion
• Early Adulthood: Intimacy vs. Isolation
• Middle Age: Generativity vs. Stagnation
• Old Age: Ego Integrity vs. Despair

a personality component containing basic instincts, desires, and impulses with which all people are born

the part of the personality that makes compromises and mediates conflicts between and among the demands of the id, the superego, and the real word

the component of personality that tells people what they should and should not do

unconsciously pushing threatening memories, urges, or ideas from conscious awareness

attempting to make actions or mistakes seem reasonable

unconsciously attributing one's own unacceptable thoughts or impulses to another person

defending against unacceptable impulses by acting opposite them

converting unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable actions and perhaps symbolically expressing

deflecting an impulse from its original target to a less threatening one

simply discounting the existence of threatening impulses

striving to make up for unconscious impulses or fears

artistic, curious, imaginative, insightful, original, wide interests, unusual thought processes, intellectual interests

efficient, organized, planful, reliable, thorough, dependable, ethical, productive

active, assertive, energetic, outgoing, talkative, gesturally expressive, gregarious

appreciative, forgiving, generous, kind, trusting, noncritical, warm, compassionate, considerate, straightforward

anxious, self-pitying, tense, emotionally unstable, impulsive, vulnerable, touchy, prone to worry

a condition in which a person experiences extremes of moods for long periods, shifts from one extreme mood to another, and experiences moods that are inconsistent with events

a strong fear of being alone or away from the safety of home

a long-term, persistent pattern of impulsive, selfish, unscrupulous, even criminal behavior

a condition in which intense feelings of fear and dread are long-standing or disruptive

a condition in which a person alternates between the two emotional extremes of depression and mania

a somatoform disorder characterized by intense distress over imagined abnormalities of the skin, hair, face or other areas of the body

a somatoform disorder in which a person appears to be (but actually is not) blind, deaf, paralyzed, or insensitive to pain

a psychological disorder marked by a sudden loss of memory for one's own name, occupation, or other identifying information

conditions involving sudden and usually temporary disruptions in a person's memory, consciousness, or identity

a dissociative disorder in which a person appears to have more that one identity, each of which behaves in a different way

a pattern of depression in which the person shows the sad mood, lack of interest, and loss of pleasure associated with major depression but to a lesser degree and for a longer period

a condition that involves long-lasting anxiety that is not focused on any particular object or situation

a strong, unjustified fear of physical illness

a condition in which a person feels sad and hopeless for weeks or months, often losing interest in all activities and taking pleasure in nothing

an anxiety disorder in which a person becomes obsessed with certain thoughts or feels a compulsion to do certain things

anxiety in the form of severe panic attacks that come without warning or obvious cause

long-standing, inflexible ways of behaving that become styles of life that create problems, usually for others

an anxiety disorder that involves strong, irrational fear of an object or situation that does not objectively justify such a reaction

a pattern of severely disturbed thinking, emotion, perception, and behavior that constitutes one of the most serious and disabling of all mental disorders

strong irrational fears related to social situations

a psychological problem in which a person has numerous physical complaints without verifiable physical illness

psychological problems in which a person shows the symptoms of some physical disorder for which there is no physical cause

a somatoform disorder marked by complaints of severe, often constant pain with no physical cause

phobias that involve fear and avoidance of specific stimuli and situations such as heights, blood, and specific animals

problems involving the use of psychoactive drugs for months or years in ways that harm the user or others

drugs that reduce depression, can have weight gain side-effects

• behavioral therapy where the family is there for support
• good for: schizophrenia

• behavioral treatment methods that help clients change the way they think as well as the way they behave
• good for: major depression, agoraphobia, panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder

• an organized problem-solving approach in which the therapist actively collaborates with clients to help them notice how certain negative thoughts precede anxiety and depression
• good for: OCD, PTSD, schizophrenia (for delusions), substance disorders

• a brief electric shock administered to the brain, usually to reduce severe depression that does not respond to drug treatments
• good for: LAST RESORT ONLY

• therapy where the patient is shown or exposed to the object of their fear or disorder
• good for: specific phobias, agoraphobia, panic disorder, OCD

• an exposure technique for reducing anxiety that keeps a client in a feared but harmless situation
• good for: specific cases where exposure therapy would be used

calm mania and reduce mood swings of bipolar disorder

drugs that relieve the symptoms of schizophrenia or other severe forms of psychological disorder

• the presentation of an aversive stimulus or the removal of a pleasant one following some behavior
• good for: very few things

drugs that reduce tension and symptoms of anxiety

• Experimenter Status and Prestige
• The Behavior of other People
• The Behavior of the Learner (Milgram Experiment)
• Personality Characteristics