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The five questions in the critical thinking approach
- What am I being asked to believe or accept?
- is the evidence available to support the claim?
- Can the evidence be interpreted another way?
- What evidence would help evaluate the alternatives?
- What conclusions are most reasonable?
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Classical Conditioning
- a procedure in which a neutral stimulus is paired with a stimulus that triggers a reflexive response until the neutral stimulus alone comes to trigger a similar response
- subconscious changes
- what's before the stimuli matters most
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Operant Conditioning
- a process in which responses are learned on the basis of their rewarding or punishing consequences
- conscious thought changes
- what's after the stimuli matters most
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Erik Erikson's Psychosocial Stages: Stages, Ages, and Crises
- First Year: Trust vs. Mistrust
- Second Year: Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
- Third-Fifth Year: Initiative vs. Guilt
- Sixth Year-Puberty: Industry vs. Inferiority
- Adolescence: Identity vs. Role Confusion
- Early Adulthood: Intimacy vs. Isolation
- Middle Age: Generativity vs. Stagnation
- Old Age: Ego Integrity vs. Despair
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Freud's Id
a personality component containing basic instincts, desires, and impulses with which all people are born
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Freud's Ego
the part of the personality that makes compromises and mediates conflicts between and among the demands of the id, the superego, and the real word
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Freud's Superego
the component of personality that tells people what they should and should not do
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Freud's Repression
unconsciously pushing threatening memories, urges, or ideas from conscious awareness
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Freud's Rationalization
attempting to make actions or mistakes seem reasonable
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Freud's Projection
unconsciously attributing one's own unacceptable thoughts or impulses to another person
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Freud's Reaction Formation
defending against unacceptable impulses by acting opposite them
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Freud's Sublimation
converting unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable actions and perhaps symbolically expressing
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Freud's Displacement
deflecting an impulse from its original target to a less threatening one
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Freud's Denial
simply discounting the existence of threatening impulses
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Freud's Compensation
striving to make up for unconscious impulses or fears
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5 Factor Personality Model: Openness
artistic, curious, imaginative, insightful, original, wide interests, unusual thought processes, intellectual interests
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5 Factor Personality Model: Conscientiousness
efficient, organized, planful, reliable, thorough, dependable, ethical, productive
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5 Factor Personality Model: Extraversion
active, assertive, energetic, outgoing, talkative, gesturally expressive, gregarious
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5 Factor Personality Model: Agreeableness
appreciative, forgiving, generous, kind, trusting, noncritical, warm, compassionate, considerate, straightforward
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5 Factor Personality Model: Neuroticism
anxious, self-pitying, tense, emotionally unstable, impulsive, vulnerable, touchy, prone to worry
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Affective Disorder (Mood Disorder)
a condition in which a person experiences extremes of moods for long periods, shifts from one extreme mood to another, and experiences moods that are inconsistent with events
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Agoraphobia
a strong fear of being alone or away from the safety of home
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Antisocial Personality Disorder
a long-term, persistent pattern of impulsive, selfish, unscrupulous, even criminal behavior
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Anxiety Disorder
a condition in which intense feelings of fear and dread are long-standing or disruptive
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Bipolar Disorder
a condition in which a person alternates between the two emotional extremes of depression and mania
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Body Dysmorphic Disorder
a somatoform disorder characterized by intense distress over imagined abnormalities of the skin, hair, face or other areas of the body
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Conversion Disorder
a somatoform disorder in which a person appears to be (but actually is not) blind, deaf, paralyzed, or insensitive to pain
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Dissociative Amnesia
a psychological disorder marked by a sudden loss of memory for one's own name, occupation, or other identifying information
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Dissociative Disorders
conditions involving sudden and usually temporary disruptions in a person's memory, consciousness, or identity
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Dissociative Identity Disorder
a dissociative disorder in which a person appears to have more that one identity, each of which behaves in a different way
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Dysthymic Disorder
a pattern of depression in which the person shows the sad mood, lack of interest, and loss of pleasure associated with major depression but to a lesser degree and for a longer period
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Generalized Anxiety Disorder
a condition that involves long-lasting anxiety that is not focused on any particular object or situation
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Hypochondriasis
a strong, unjustified fear of physical illness
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Major Depression (Major Depressive Disorder)
a condition in which a person feels sad and hopeless for weeks or months, often losing interest in all activities and taking pleasure in nothing
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Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
an anxiety disorder in which a person becomes obsessed with certain thoughts or feels a compulsion to do certain things
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Panic Disorder
anxiety in the form of severe panic attacks that come without warning or obvious cause
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Personality Disorders
long-standing, inflexible ways of behaving that become styles of life that create problems, usually for others
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Phobias
an anxiety disorder that involves strong, irrational fear of an object or situation that does not objectively justify such a reaction
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Schizophrenia
a pattern of severely disturbed thinking, emotion, perception, and behavior that constitutes one of the most serious and disabling of all mental disorders
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Social Phobias
strong irrational fears related to social situations
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Somatization Disorder
a psychological problem in which a person has numerous physical complaints without verifiable physical illness
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Somatoform Disorder
psychological problems in which a person shows the symptoms of some physical disorder for which there is no physical cause
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Somatoform Pain Disorder
a somatoform disorder marked by complaints of severe, often constant pain with no physical cause
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Specific Phobias
phobias that involve fear and avoidance of specific stimuli and situations such as heights, blood, and specific animals
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Substance-Related Disorders
problems involving the use of psychoactive drugs for months or years in ways that harm the user or others
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Antidepressant Drugs and Mood Elevators
drugs that reduce depression, can have weight gain side-effects
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Behavioral Family Therapy
- behavioral therapy where the family is there for support
- good for: schizophrenia
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Cognitive Behavior Therapy
- behavioral treatment methods that help clients change the way they think as well as the way they behave
- good for: major depression, agoraphobia, panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder
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Cognitive Therapy
- an organized problem-solving approach in which the therapist actively collaborates with clients to help them notice how certain negative thoughts precede anxiety and depression
- good for: OCD, PTSD, schizophrenia (for delusions), substance disorders
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Electroshock Therapy/Electroconvulsive Shock Therapy
- a brief electric shock administered to the brain, usually to reduce severe depression that does not respond to drug treatments
- good for: LAST RESORT ONLY
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Exposure Therapy
- therapy where the patient is shown or exposed to the object of their fear or disorder
- good for: specific phobias, agoraphobia, panic disorder, OCD
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Flooding
- an exposure technique for reducing anxiety that keeps a client in a feared but harmless situation
- good for: specific cases where exposure therapy would be used
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Lithium and Anticonvulsants
calm mania and reduce mood swings of bipolar disorder
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Neuroleptic Drugs (Antipsychotics)
drugs that relieve the symptoms of schizophrenia or other severe forms of psychological disorder
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Punishment
- the presentation of an aversive stimulus or the removal of a pleasant one following some behavior
- good for: very few things
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Tranquilizing Drugs (Anxiolytics)
drugs that reduce tension and symptoms of anxiety
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Factors Affecting Obedience
- Experimenter Status and Prestige
- The Behavior of other People
- The Behavior of the Learner (Milgram Experiment)
- Personality Characteristics
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