BIO ANTH EXAM 3

Vertebrates have...?

What are the five differences between reptiles and mammals?

What is the difference between mammalian and reptiles/non-mammalian reproduction?

What kind of benefits does internal gestation provide to the fetus in comparison to egg laying?

In reproduction, what two types of selections are there?

The following are characteristics of what type of reproductive selection?

Stable environments
Low reproductive rate
High parental investment, slow development
Low mortality rates
Large body size

The following are charactertistics of what type of reproductive selection?

Unstable environments
High reproductive rate
Little parental investment, fast development
High mortality rate
Small body size

Energy requirements are higher in K-selection or R-selection?

What is an example of a K-selection species?

What is an example of r-selection species?

Describe Homeotherms

Give an example of Hetero-therms

Heterodontic and Homodontic refer to

What are the 4 types of teeth found in humans/chimpanzees?

The _____ _____ indicates the number of each kind of teeth a mammal has.

Increased learning and flexible behavior are characteristics of

Name some characteristics of primates limbs/locomotion

Name some characteristics of primates teeth/diet

Name some characteristics of primates senses/brain

Name some characteristics of primates reproduction

Name some characteristics of primates ecology/behavior

Name the two types of evolution

What two ways can you group different species

Cladistics does what?

What is a monophyletic group?

What animals are Strepsirhines?

What animals are Haplorhine?

What are some shared derived traits of Strepsirhines (Prosimians and Tarsiers) that differ from Haplorhines?

What are some shared derived traits of Haplorhines and Tarsiers in comparison to Strepsirhines (Prosimians)?

In the suborder Haplorhines, what are the two infraorders?

Within the infraorder Simiiformes, what are the two superfamilys

Whats an example of a Platyrrhine

Whats are the 3 types of Catarrhines

What are characteristics of Platyrrhines (new world mokeys)

What are characteristics of Catarrhines? (Old world monkeys/apes)

Name: "the study of our closest living relatives, the primates, for the purpose of understanding aspects of our own behavior"

Name: "primate suborder that includes the Lemurs, Lorises, and Galigos (the prosimians)"

Name: "primate suborder that includes the Tarsiers, monkeys, apes and humans"

Name: "primate superfamily that includes all monkeys found in the Americas"

Name: "primate superfamily that includes all monkeys found in Africa and Asia"

Name: "all monkeys apes and humans"

Name: "member of the super family Hominoidea"

Name: "the division (called tribe) in the superfamily Hominoidea that includes humans and our recent ancestors"

Name: "the study of behavior from ecological and evolutionary perspectives"

Name: "the act of seeking and processing food"

Name: "set of behavioral patterns that has become prominent in a population as a result of natural selection"

Name: "behavioral favoring of one's close genetic relatives"

Name: "acting in a way that has a net loss of energy to the actor and a net benefit in energy to the receiver"

Name: "the spectrum of possible expression created by morphology, evolutionary history, and other aspects of genotype"

Name: "the actual expression of a trait or behavior"

Name: "by-products of structural change"

Name: "limits on current behavior or traits due to patterns and trends in an organism's evolutionary past"

Name: "period during which the infant is wholly reliant on others for nutrition, movement, thermoregulation and protection"

Name: "area used by a primate group or community"

Name: "bond enhancing or prosocial ("friendly")"

Name: "aggressive or combative ("unfriendly")"

Name: "set of relationships that results in different relative abilities to acquire desired resources"

Name: "staying in one's natal group"

Name: "behavioral and physiological sexual receptivity"

Name: "non reproductive sexual behavior that serves to resolve conflicts and/or reinforce alliances and coalitions"

Name: "methods of dating that provide us with assessments of a fossil's age relative to other fossils"

Name: "methods of dating that provide a specific age of a fossil based either on analysis of a piece of the fossil itself or analysis of the rocks surrounding the fossil"

Name: "ability to generate and regulate internal body temperature"

Name: "having different types of teeth"

Name: "internal production of a nutrient rich milk by the female to feed the young offspring"

Name: "retention of the fetus inside the body of the female through the course of its prenatal development"

Name: "ratio of brain to body size; an EQ of 1 indicates a brain size expected for that mammalian body size"

Name: "a group of early mammals thought to be peripherally related to primates"

Name: "suborder of mammals made up of the extinct Pleseadapiformes and the living orders Primates, Scandentia (the tree shrews), Chiroptera (the bats), and Dermoptera (colugos)"

Name: "fossil primates; members of the infraorder Adapiformes, particularly related to both strepsirrhine and haplorrhine lineages"

Name: "fossil primates, members of the infraorder Omomyiformes, suborder Haplorrhini"

Name: "difference between the sexes of a species in body size or shape"

Name: "difference between the sexes of a species in the size of the canine teeth"

Name: "the ball and socket shoulder joint and the positioning of the scapula on the back allowing for 360 degree rotation of the arms"

Name: "the earliest family of hominoids (apes), dating to the Milocene"

When analyzing fossils, what part of the body is typically the only part left preserved?

Humans are mammals and primates (true/false)
True False

Mammals are characterized by what 5 things?

______ are characterized by a postorbital bar, or bony enclosed eye socket: hands and feet capable of grasping: nails instead of claws on the ends of the digits; extensively overlapping visual fields; a large brain relative to body size; and long gestation and slow postnatal growth compared to maternal body size

The earliest primates are thought to be derived from a group related to the Pleseadapids sometime in the late _____ or early ______

What are the three main hypotheses for the evolution of primates from Archontan stock

What are the three main primate fossils that show up in the Eocene Age?

By the Miocene, a new set of primates, the hominoids, began to radiate out of _____. These primates exhibit a set of morphological characteristics that characterize the living ____.

The hominoids experienced a (increase/decrease) in diversity by the terminal Miocene, at the same time that the number and diversity of nonhomonoid anthropoid primates (monkeys) (increased/decreased)

The best representations of primate evolution are those that reveal ....?

The stud of ______ _____ can provide information from which we can attempt to reconstruct aspects of human evolution, especially the evolution of our behavior.

_____ may be defined as all the actions and inactions of an organism

Both _____ and _____ research methods enrich our study of behavior

A behavior may be viewed from five different perspectives: name them.

Behavior that is widespread in a taxonomic group is frequently considered to be an ______

Behavioral ecology is the study of behavior from _____ and _____ perspectives

Basic ecological stresses on an organism fall into what five general areas?

We measure the success of behavioral adaptation generally in terms of estimated energy costs and benefits in the sense of how these could potentially impact ____ _____ (reproductive success)

____ _____, the favoring of close genetic relatives, has ben proposed to explain apparent altruistic acts in organisms

Not all behavior is functional (true/false)
True False

Kingdom             Animalia
Phylum              Chordata
Subphylum         Vertebrata
Class                 Mammalia
Order                  Primates
Family                Hominidae
Genus          Homo Species sapiens

Kingdom
Phylum
Subphylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus

Stratigraphy and principle of superposition help to determine

Describe an index fossil

Bones absorb ____ but lose _____

Carbon 14 dating, important in archaeology, is only for _____ materials and things that are younger than _______ years old

Carbon 14 has a half life of _____ years before it decays

What kind of things can be dated using Carbon 14 method

What is dendrochronology?

What is Potassium-argon dating?

What is Fission-track dating?

What are the four types of dating methods?

"Laws of Burial"

What are two conditions that must be considered when doing Taphonomy

What are the best environments for fossils to form?

Process of fossilization is rare; there must be the right environments/conditions. Name 4 that are ideal.

What is a mold?

What is a cast?

Preservation potential of bones is based on (4)

What can fossils tell us about species? (7)

Where are lemurs from?

Lemurs ____ are their primary weapon over territory

According to the movie, ______ is the reason we differ from emurs and other primates

how many species of lemurs are there in madagascar

What was the type of lemur in the movie that was more stand-offish than the rest

What are some benefits of social groups?

What are the costs (negative) of social groups?

Erect Penis and Chest Beating are two signs of ______ agression

Biting, hiting, pinning, that can result in injury are  few examples of _____ agression

Dominant relationships are over

What are the reasons for infanticide?

What are some examples of mutualistic behavior?

in the kin selection theory...  rb>c

r=?
b=?
c=?

r>0 for ____ to evolve

Mother infant bond is core on a _____ level

Give examples of clumped, evenly dispersed and randomly scattered availability of food

body size is a predictor of _____

Strepsirrine eat

haplorrines eat

chimpanzees are the exception to the rule because their diets also consist of

_/_ of primates are extinct

Name some threats to primates

h