Endocrine System

• -reproduction
• -growth and development
• -body defenses
• -electrolyte, water, and nutrient balance in blood
• -cellular metabolism

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• -hormones are chemicals secreted by cells that regulate the metabolic function of other cells
• -hormones classified as:
•    -amino acid based: includes amines (modified amino acids), peptides (short chains of amino acids), and proteins.
•    -steroids: lipid molecules, derived from cholesterol

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controls the release of hormones from the pituitary gland

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The major endocrine gland.

It is important in controlling growth and development and the functioning of the other endocrine glands.

• composed of:
•   -adenohypophysis- originates in the embryo
•   -neurohypophysis- part of the brain

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Melanocyte-stimulating hormone

a hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that is involved in pigmentation changes in some animals

• effects
• functions-darkens skin pigment by stimulating melanocytes to produce pigment melanin

756

Adenohypophyseal Hormones

-growth hormone, which is also called somatotropic hormone.

• effects-
• functions- stimulates growth of body
•                  -stimulates body cells to increase production of proteins
•                  -stimulates growth of epiphyseal plates of skeleton
•              -signals liver to secrete insulin-like growth factor which acts together with GH

755

Thyrotropic cells

• effects-
• functions-prompts thyroid gland to secrete own hormone (thyroid hormone);controlling metabolic rate

755

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone

• effects-help people cope with stress
• functions-hormone from anterior pituitary that influences the activity of the adrenal cortex

glossary 781,755

Follicle-stimulating hormone

• effects-
• functions-hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary that stimulates the maturation of ovarian follicles in females and the production of sperm in males.

glossary 785

Luteinizing Hormone

effects-in females, aids maturation of follicles in the ovary and triggers ovulation.  In males, it signals the interstitial cells of the testis to secrete testosterone.

functions-hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary

glossary 786

Prolactin

pituitary hormone that stimulates and maintains the secretion of milk

internet

Antidiuretic Hormone

• effects-
• functions- hormone produced by the hypothalamus and released by the posterior part of the pituitary gland; stimulates kidney to resorb more water

glossary 782

• effects-stimulates contraction of the uterus during childbirth and ejection of milk during nursing.
• funcitons-hormone produced by the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary

glossary 788

• -butterfly shaped
• -inferior to the larynx
• -produces:
•    -thyroid hormone: T4, T3
•    -calcitonin

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• -small, relative to other endocrine glands
• -posterior aspect of thyroid gland
• -produces parathyroid hormone (PTH)

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• -pyramid shaped glands perched atop the kidneys
• -adrenal cortex produces:
•     -androgens
•     -cortisol
•     -aldosterone
• -adrenal medulla produces epinephrine

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• -composed of endo and exocrine gland cells
• -islets of Langerhans produces:
•      -insulin
•      -glucagon
•      -somatostatin

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• Ovaries produce:
•    -estrogens
•    -progesterone
• Testes produce testosterone

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• -pine cone shaped
• -hangs from rood of 3rd ventricle
• -produces melatonin--signals body to prepare to sleep

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• -located deep to the sternum
• -large in infants and children; diminishes in adults
• -produces:
•    -thymopoietins
•    -thymosins

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• -heart
• -GI tract
• -placenta
• -kidney
• -skin

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• -pituitary gland:
•   -acromegaly
•   -pituitary dwarfism
• -pancreas:
•   -diabetes mellitus
• -thyroid gland:
•   -hypothyroidism
•   -thyroid hormone deficiency
• -adrenal cortex

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Vitamin D

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Cushing's disease or syndrome and Addison's disease

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• -insulin (helps muscles, etc. absorb glucose - p. 767)
• -glucagon (raises glucose levels - wikipedia - it's not mentioned in the book)