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Abandonment
Termination of care without transfer of care to an equal or greater level of care.
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ABO Blood Groups
- Four groups formed by the presence or absence of antigens know as A and B.
- Person A - Antigens A - Can have A or O
- Person B - Antigens B - Can have B or O
- Person AB - Antigens A & B - Can have A, B, AB, O
- Person O - No antigens - Can have O
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Acidosis
High concentration of Hydrogen ions. pH below 7.35
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Acquired Imunity
Protection from infection or disease that is developed by the body after an exposure to an antigen or transfered to a person from outside sources (mother through the placent or a serum).
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Active Transport
Movement of a substance through a cell membrane against the osmotic gradient. Requires energy.
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Adenosine Triphosphate
ATP - high energy compound present in all cells.
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Adjunct Medication
agent that enhances the effects of other drugs
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Administrative Law
Law that is enacted by governmental agencies at either the federal or state level. Also called regulatory law.
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Adrenergic
Pertaining to the neurotransmitter norepinephrine
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Advance Directive
a document created to ensure that certain treatment choices are honoured when a pt is unconscious or otherwise unable to express his choice of treatment
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Aerobic Metabolism
Second stage of metabolism requiring oxygen where the breakdown of glucose yeilds energy
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Affinity
Force of attratction between a drug and a receptor.
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Afterload
The resistance a contraction of the heart must overcome in order to eject blood.
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Agonist
The drug that binds to a receptor and causes it to initiate the expected response
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Agonist-Antagonist
a drug that binds to a receptor and stimulates some of its effects while blocking others.
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AIDS
Aquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome - group of signs, symptoms, and disorders that often develop as a result of HIV infection
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Air Embolism
Air in the vein
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Albumin
In blood, albumin works to maintain blood volume and pressure and provide colloid osmotic pressure which prevents plasma loss from the capillaries.
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Alkalosis
A low concentration of Hydrogen ions. pH above 7.45
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Allergy
an exhagerated immune response to an environmental antigen
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Alveoli
Microscopic air sacs where gas exchange takes place
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Anabolism
The constructive phase of metabolism in which living cells convert nonliving substances into living cytoplasm
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Anaerobic Metabolism
The first stange in metabolism that does not require any oxygen. Gylcolysis.
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Analgesia
The absence of the sensation of pain
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Analgesic
Medication the relieves the sensation of pain
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Anaphylaxis
Life threatening allergic reaction, shock
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Anesthesia
Absence of all sensations
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Anesthetic
Medication that induces a loss of sensation to touch or pain
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Antihyperlipidemic
A drug used to treat high blood cholesterol
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Antagonist
A drug that binds to a receptor but does not cause the expected response
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Antibody
A substacne produced by B lymphocytes in responce to a foreign antigen that will combind with and kill the invading antigen, thus preventing infection.
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Anticoagulant
A drug that inhibits clotting
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Antidysrhythmic
A drug that is used to prevent and treat abnormal cardiac rhythms
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Antiemetic
Medication used to prevent vommiting
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Antigen Processing
The recognition, ingestion, and breakdown of a foreign antigen.
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Antigen
Markers on the surface of a cell that identifies it as self or non self
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Antigen-antibody complex
formed when an antibody binds to an antigen to deactivate it or destroy it
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Antigen Presenting Cells
Cells such as macrophages that present portions of the antigens they have digested.
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Antihistamine
Medication that arrests the effects of histamine by blocking its receptors
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Antineoplastic Agent
A drug that is used to treat cancer
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Antitussive
Medication that suppresses the stimulus to cought in the CNS
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Anxious Avoidant Attachment
a type of bonding that occurs when an infant learns that his caregivers will not be responsive or helpful when needed
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Anxious resistant Attachment
A type of bonding that occurs when an infant is uncertain about wether or not his care givers will be responsive when needed
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Apnea
Temporary stop in breathing
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Apoptosis
a response in which an inured cell releases enzymes that engulf and destroy itself.
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Aspiration
Foreign material into the lungs
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Assault
An act that unlawfully places a person in apprehension of immediate bodily harm without his consent
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Assay
Test that determines the amount and purity of a given chemical in a lab
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Atelectasis
Alveolar collapse
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Atrophy
Decrease in cell size resulting from a reduced workload
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Aural Medication
drug administered through the mucous membranes of the ear and ear canal
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Autoimmunity
An immune response to self antigens
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Autonomic Ganglia
Groups of autonomic nerve cells outside the CNS
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Autonomy
a competent adult patients right to determine what happens to his body
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B Lymphocytes
The type of WBC that in response to an antigen produce antibodies that will attack the antigen, they develop memory, and confer long term immunity
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Barotrauma
Injury caused by pressure within an enclosed space
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Basophils
Granular WBC that similairly to mast cells, releases histamine and other chemicals that control constriction and dilation of blood vessels during inflammation
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Battery
Unlawful touching of another without individual consent
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Beneficence
The principle of doing good for the patient
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Bioassay
test to assertain a drugs availability within a biological model
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Bioavailability
The amount of a drug that is still active after it reaches its target tissue
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Bioequivalence
relative theraputic effectivness of chemically equivalent drugs
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Biologic Half Life
Time it takes the body to clear 1/2 of a drug
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Biotransformation
Metabolism of drugs
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Blood-Brain Barier
Tight junctions of the capillary endothelial cells in the CNS vasculature through which only non-protein bound, highly soluble drugs can pass
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Bolus
Highly concentrated mass of medication
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Breach of Duty
An action or inaction that violates the standard of care
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Buffer
Substance that tends to preserve or restore a normal acid base balance by increasing or decreasing the concentration of hydrogen ions
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Capnography
Measurment of exhaled CO2 concentrations
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Cardiac Conractile Force
Strength of contraction
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Cardiac Output
Amount of blood pumped in one minute SV x HR
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Cardiogenic Shock
Shock caused by insufficient CO. Inability of the heart to pump enough bloof to perfuse all parts of the body
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Carrier Mediated Diffusion or Cascade
a series of actions - typical of the actions by plasm protens in the complement, coagulation and kinin systems
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Catabolism
Destructive phase of metabolism in which cells breakdown complex sumstances into simple ones with a release of energy
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Catecholamines
Epinephrine and Norepinephrine, hormones that strongly affect the nervous and cardioascular systems, metabolic rate, temperature and smooth muscle
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Cell Mediated Immunity
Short term immunityprovided to an antigen by a T lymphocyte, which directly attack the antigen but do not form antibodies or memory
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Chemotactic Factors
Chemicals that attract WBC to the site of inflammation, a process called chemotaxis
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Cholinergic
Pertaining to the neurotransmitter acetylcholine
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Circulatory Overload
An excess of intravascular fluid volume
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Civil Law
Division of the legal system that deals with noncriminal issues and conflicts between two or more parties
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Colonal Diversity
the development of receptors for every type of antigen. B Lymphocyte work
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Colonal Selection
Process by which a specific antigen reacts with its receptor on the surface on an immature B lymphocyte, therby activating proliferation and diversification
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Coagulation System
Clotting system from a protein called Fibrin. Fibrin forms a network that walls off infection and forms a clot that stops bleeding
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Colloid
IV solution containing large proteins that cannot pass through the capillary membrane
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Compenated Shock
Early stage of shock during which the bodies compensatory mechanisms are able to maintain normal perfusion
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Competitive Antagonism
One drug binds to the receptor and causes the expected effect while also blocking another drug from triggering the same receptor
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Complement System
Group of plasma proteins that are dormant in teh blood until activated. When activated they are involved in most afpects of the inflammatory response
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Compliance
the stiffness or flexibility of the lung tissue
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Connective Tissue
Most abundant; provides support, connection, and insulation
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Cortisol
steroid hormone released by the adrenal cortex that regulates the metabolism of fats, carbs, sodium, potassium, and proteins. Has inflammatory effects.
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Cricoid Pressure
Pressure applied in a posterior direction to the anterior cricoid cartilage in order to occlude the esophagus
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Cricothyroid Membrane
membrane between the cricoid and thyroid cartillages of the larynx
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Crystalloid
IV solution with electrolytes but lacks the larger proteins associated with a colloid
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Cytokines
Proteins, produced by WBCs, that regulate immune responses by binding with and affecting the function of cells that produce them.
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Debridement
the cleaning up or removal of debris, dead cells, and scabs from a wound
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Decompensated Shock
Advanced stage of shock where the bodied mechanisms are no longer able to maintain perusions. Also called progressive shock
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Defamation
Intentional false communication that ruins a persons reputation
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Degranulation
the emptying of granules from the inside of a mast cell into the extracellular environment
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Delayed Hypersensitivity Reaction
A while after exposure to an antigen. Less severe than immediate reactions.
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Diapedesis
Movement of WBCs out of the capillary through gaps that are created in the inflammaroty process
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Diuretic
An agent that increases urine secretion and elimination of body water
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Dysplasia
Change in cell size, shape or appearance
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Dyspnea
Abnormal breathing rate, pattern or effort
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Edema
Excess fluid in the interstital space
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Efficacy
Drugs ability to cause the expected response
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Endotoxins
Toxins that are stored in the walls of bacteria that are released when the bacteria bies
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Enteral Route
Delivery of medication through the GI track
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Eosinophils
Granular WBCs that attack parasites and help control and limit the inflammatory response
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Epithelial Tissue
The protective tissue that lines internal and external body tissues
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Expectorant
Medication used to increase the productivity of a cough
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Extrapyramidial Symptoms
common side effects of antipsychotic medications, inclusing muscle tremors.
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Fibrinolytic
A drug that acts of Thrombi to break it down
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Fibroblast
Cell that secretes collagen
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Flail Chest
Defect in the chest wall that allows it to move freely, causing paradoxical motion
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French
measurment equal to approx 1/3 or a mm
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Hematocrit
Percentage of blood occupied by RBCs
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Hemoconcentration
elevated numbers of WBCs and RBCs
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Hemothorax
Acumulation of blood or fluid in the pleural cavity
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Hepatic Alteration
Changes in a medications chemical composition that occurs in the liver
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Histamine
Substance released during degranulation of mast cells and basophils that through constriction and dilation of blood vessels will increase blood flow to the site of injury and also increase the ppermeability of vessel wall
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Humoral Immunity
Long term immunity to antigens by antibodies produced by B lymphocytes
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Hypoxic Drive
Mechanism that increases respiratory stimulation in response to low oxygen levels
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Irreversible Antagonism
A competitive antagonist irreversibly binds to the receptor site
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Leukotrienes
Slow reacting substances of anaphlyaxis - synthesized by mast cells during inflammatory response that cause vasodilation, vascular permeability, and chemotaxis
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Moro Reflex
Startled newborn; arms wide, fingers spread, grabbing motion
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Mucolytic
Substance that will make mucous more watery
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Neurogenic Shock
Shock resulting from brain or spinal cord injury that causes an interruption of nerve impulses
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Neuroleptanesthesia
Patient remains conscious with decreased sensation of pain
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Palmar Grasp
reflex ilicited when a finger is placed in the palm of an infant
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Parasympatholytic
drug or other substance that blocks or inhibits the actions of the parasympathetic nervous system (anticholinergic)
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Parasympathomimetic
drug or other substance that causes effects like those of the parasympathetic nervous sestem (cholinergic)
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Parenteral Route
Outside the GI tract
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Pharmacodynamics
how a drug interacts with the body to cause its effects
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Pharmacokinetics
How a drug is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted
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Pneumothorax
Accumulation of air or gas in the pleural cavity
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Psychoneuroimmunological Regulation
The interactions of the psychological, neurological, endocring, and immunological factors that contribute to alteration of the immune system as an outcome of a stress response that is not quickly resolved.
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Pulsus Paradoxus
Drop in blood pressure of greater than 10 torr on inspiration
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Rh Factor
Rh positive and Rh negitive blood types are incompatible.
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Rooting Reflex
if cheek is touched by hand or cloth the infant will turn it head
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Septicemia
Spread of toxins through the bloodstream
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Sympatholytic
Blocks the actions of the SNS
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Sympathomimetic
mimics the actions of the SNS
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Theraputic Index
Ration of lethal dose for 50% pop to the effective dose for 50% pop
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Thrombophlebitis
Inflammation of the vein
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Tort Law
Civil wrong committed by one person against another.
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