-
pulmonary ventilation
move air in/out of lungs
-
-
respiration processes
- pulmonary ventilation
- external respiration
- transportation of gases
- internal respiration
- cell respiration
-
internal respiration
- exchange gases
- blood - cells
-
cell respiration
- glucose > ATP
- uses O2
- makes CO2
-
Functions of respiratory system
- gas exchange
- move air
- filter air
- vocal production
- smell
- acid-base regulation
-
Conducting zone
- moves air
- nose, nasal cavities
- pharynx
- larynx
- trachea
- bronchus and its branches
-
Respiratory zone
- exhchange gases
- respiratory bronchioles
- alveoli and alveolar ducts
-
Parts of conduct zone
- Upper respiratory tract
- Lower respiratory tract
-
Upper respiratory tract
- above thoracic cavity
- nose
- pharynx
-
lower respiratory tract
- whithin thoracic cavity
- larynx
- trachea
- lung
-
Nose
- external nares
- vestibule
- nasal septum
- nasal condhae and meatus superior, middle, inferior
- posterior nasal aperture
- olfactory epithelium
- paranasal sinuses
-
-
nasal septum
cartilagenous part of the nose
-
Nasal conchae & meatus tissue
pseudostratified ciliated columnar with goblet cells
-
Parts of nasal conchae
meatus superior, middle, inferior
-
Posterior nasal aperture
internal nares
-
Paranasal sinuses
- Maxillary sinus
- ethmoidal sinus
- sphenoidal sinus
- Frontal sinus
-
pharynx
- nasopharynx
- oropharynx
- laryngopharynx
-
Nasopharynx tissue
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
-
nasopharynx parts
- pharyngeal and tubal tonsils
- pharyngotympanic tube
-
Oropharynx tissue
stratified squamous epithelium
-
oropharynx parts
- palatine tonsils
- lingual tonsils
-
Laryngopharynx tissue
stratified squamous epithelium
-
laryngopharynx
- to esophagus (food)
- to larynx (air)
-
Larynx
- voice box
- hyoid bone to trachea
-
larynx functions
- air passage: cartilages
- vocal production: vocal cords
-
Larynx tissues superior to vocal cords
stratified squamous epithelium
-
Larynx tissues inferior to vocal cords
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
-
Larynx cartilages
- thyroid cartilage
- cricoid cartilage
- epiglottis
- artenoid (2)
- coniculate (2)
- cuneiform (2)
-
Laryngeal prominence
- part of thryroid cartilage
- adam's apple
-
Cricoid cartilage
- larynx cartilage
- inferior, ring of cartilage
-
Epiglottis
- larynx cartilage
- closes during swallowing
-
arytenoid
- larynx cartilage
- anchor the vocal cords
-
Larynx vocal muscles
- cricoarytenoid muscle
- transverse arytenoid muscle
-
Larynx vocal structures
- vocal cords
- vestibular folds
- rima glottidis
- glottis
- cricoarytenoid and transverse arytenoid muscles
-
Vocal cords
- vocal folds
- elastic ct + simple squamous epith
-
Vestibular folds
false vocal cords
-
rima glottis
opening of larynx vocal
-
glottis
rima glottidis + vocal cords
-
trachea
- windpipe
- move air fast
- pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
-
trachea parts
- 16-20 hyeline cartilage rings
- trachealis muscle
- carina
-
hyeline cartilage of trachea
- 15-20 cartilage rings
- keep trachea open
- incomplete posteriorly
-
trachealis muscle
- trachea
- posterior wall
- contracts during cough
-
-
Bronchial tree
- primary main bronchus (R&L)
- secondary lobar bronchi (3 right; 2 left)
- tertiary segmental bronchi (10 each lung)
- bronchioles
- terminal bronchioles
-
bronchioles
- <1mm diameter
- elastic c.t replaces cartilage
- simple cuboid or columnar w/o cilia
- smooth muscle
-
terminal bronchioles
part of the bronchial tree
-
Respiratory zone parts
- respiratory bronchioles
- alveolar ducts
- alveolar sacs
- alveoli
-
Respiratory bronchioles
lead into alveolar ducts
-
alveolar ducts
lead into alveoli
-
alveolar sacs
cluster of alveoli
-
alveoli
- part of respiratory zone
- functional units of gas exchange
- elastic c.t.
- macrophages
-
Pneumocyte type I
- alveolar type I cells
- squamous epithelium
-
Pneumocyte type II cells
- alveolar type II cells
- makes pulmonary surfactant
-
Respiratory membrane
- alveolar
- capillary epithelium
- basal lamina
-
Stratified squamous epithelium is found in...
- vestibule
- oro- and laryngopharynx
- larynx above vocal cords
-
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium is found in
- nasal cavity
- nasopharynx
- larnx below vocal cords
- trachea, bronchi
-
simple cuboidal epithelium is found in
bronchioles
-
simple squamous epithelium is found in
alveoli
-
parts of a lung
- apex
- base
- surfaces
- cardiac notch
- hilium
-
Apex
superior tip of the lungs
-
base
diaphragmatic surface of lungs
-
Lung surfaces
- costal
- vertebral
- mediastinal
-
Cardiac notch
in the L lung
-
-
hilum parts
- pulmonary art and veins
- primary bronchus
- nerves
- lymph vessels
-
lobes of the lung
- right: superior lobe, middle lobe, inferior lobe
- left: suprior lobe, inferior lobe
-
fissures of the lung
- left: oblique fissure
- right: oblique fissure
- horizontal fissure
-
Pleura parts
- parietal pleura
- visceral pleura
-
Pleural cavity
- between 2 pleura
- maintains vacuum around lungs
-
Pleural fluid
- prevents friction
- allows easy movement of lungs
-
Gas exchange blood suply
- pulmonary arteries
- pulmonary veins
-
Lung tissue blood supply
- bronchial arteries
- bronchial veins
-
Parasympathetic nerve supply
bronchoconstriction
-
Sympathetic nerve supply
- bronchodilation
- vasoldialtion, vasoconstriction
-
Breathing muscles
- diaphragm
- intercostal muscles
-
Diaphragm
- inhale
- flattens - increases thoracic volume
-
external intercostal muscles
-
internal intercostal muscles
-
Neural control of lungs
- medulla (rhytmicity area)
- pons
- hypothalamus, limbic (emotions)
- cerebrum (conscious control)
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