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Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)
proposed amendment to Const. guaranteeing that equal rights under law can't be denied b/c of sex
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referenda
proposed laws or Const. amendments submitted to voters for direct approval/rejection (in state const.)
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checks and balances
Const. provisions giving each branch certain checks over actions of other branches
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Judicial review
power of US Supreme Court and fed. judiciary to declare laws of Congress, states, or president actions unconstitutional
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ratification
pwr. of legislature to approve/reject decisions
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Federalist
supporter of ratification of Constitution
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Anti-Federalist
opponents of ratification of Constitution
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Bill of Rights
- written guarantees of basic indv. liberties
- First 10 amendments of Const.
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enumerated powers
pwrs. specifically mentioned in Const. belonging to national govt.
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Amendments
formal changes in a bill, law, constitution
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Separation of Powers
Constitution division of pwr among 3 branches - legislative - judicial - executive
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nationalism
strong individual national (fed.) govt. w/ pwr to govern directly
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republicanism
Govt. by representatives of the ppl.
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social contract
idea that govt. originates from an implied contract among the ppl.
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inalienable rights
rights of all ppl. derived from natural law - life - liberty - property/happiness
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natural law
law that would govern humans in state of nature
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the Enlightment
Age of Reason, philosophical movement in 18th cent. - belief in reason, human capacity, scientific approach to knowledge
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Annapolis Convention 1786
meeting in Annapolis, Maryland to revise Articles of Confederation led to Constitutional Convention 1787
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Shays Rebellion
- 1786 - armed revolt led by Daniel ShaysÂ
- raised concern about govt ability to maintain order
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Constitutionalism
govt of laws
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constitution
legally est. govt. authority
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tariffs
tax imposed on imported products (customs duty)
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Mayflower Compact
1620 - agreement among Pilgrims to est. govt. - precedent to govt. by contract
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Colonial Charters
degree of self-govt - precedent of written contracts and govt. pwr
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Declaration of Independence
1776 - resolution by 2nd Continental Congress that Am. colonies should be free
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Articles of Confederation
original framework for US govt. - est. "firm league of friendship" among states
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parliamentary government
govt. in which pwr is concentrated in legislature (Congress)
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Connecticut Compromise
Great Compromise - combines Virginia & New Jersey Plan to make US Congress
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3/5 Compromise
- compromise in Const. Convention
- slaves count as 3/5 of a person for taxation/representation
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taxes
compulsory payments to govt
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common market
unified trade area in area in which all goods & services can be sold or exchanged free from customs/tariffs
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National Supremacy Clause
Article VI of US Const. declaring fed./const. law superior to state law/const.
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