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What are the 3 domains of life
Prokaryotes (BACTERIA, ARCHAEA); and EUKARYOTES
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What is a phylogeny
The evolutionary history of a group
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How are phylogenies created? 3 steps.
1.Observe, record, and compara data, 2.analyze data, and 3.hypothesize diagram based on characteristics,
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What characteristics can be compared in making phylogenetic trees
Morphological or molecular
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What is one method to form an evolutionary hypothesis
1.define outgroup, 2. Find synapomorphies, 3. Construct phylogeny using parsimony
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What are photoheterotrophs?
Organisms that use light to make ATP but dont get Carbon from CO2 and dont make O2.
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What are photoautotrophs?
Organisms that use light to make ATP for carbon fixation, generate O2
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What is carbon fixation?
Turning CO2 into glucose
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What did oxygenetic photosynthesis help do?
Set stage for rise and diversification of eukaryotes.
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How does endosymbiosis pass down?
One cell engulfs another, and then they duplicate through mitosis
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What do chloroplasts in red algae contain
Chlorophyll a, phycoerythin (makes them red), and they store carbs as floridean starch.
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What is the endosymbiosis of euglenoids
Secondary where green algae are endosymbionts
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What is the endosymbiosis of stramenopiles and some dinoflagellates
Secondary where red algae are endosymbionts
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What are some of the stramenopiles
Brown algae, golden brown algae, and diatoms.
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What is the endosymbiosis of dinoflagellates
Tertiary endosymbiosis
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What are the 3 main characteristics of a plant?
Eukaryote with chloroplasts derived from primary symbiosis, chloroplasts with chlorophyll a & b, and they store carbs as starch
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What are synapomorphies of the streptophytes
Retention of egg in parental organism, apical growth, oogamy, plasmodesmata
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What is the other green algae
Spirogyra
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What is parenchyma?
Basic plant tissue with cells linked by plasmodesmata.
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Two earliest branching lineages of streptophytes
Coleochaete and chara
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Openings in body that allow gas in & out without compromising water loss
Stomata through accessory pigments.
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What does sporellin do?
Protects the spores until the conditions are right for germination.
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What part of the plant produces egg and protects zygote?
Archegonium
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What part of the plant produces the sperm
Antheridium.
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What are some of the oldest fossil spores similar to in the modern plants?
Liverworts
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3 main facts about bryophytes
Water moves inside by osmosis, have swimming sperm, no strong suppertive tissue in gametophyte
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3 ways plans evolved
Vascular tissue to moves sugar and water, reproductive mechanism to lessen dependence of water, new partnerships with land animals
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How are organs connected in plants?
Vascular tissue
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How do xylem and phloem move? In what directions?
Xy is high, phlo is low
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Where does seed coat come from and what is its generation?
It is derived from sporophyte; 2n
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What does nucellus come from and what is its generation?
From sporangium and n
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What does nutritive tissue come from
Female gametophytes body, n
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What is the embry
Next generation sporophyte 2n
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3 more facts of bryophytes
Absorb water and minerals through surface (osmosis & diffusion), 2 flagella, no true root stems or leaves,
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In bryophytes, what does the sporophyte need the gametophyte for?
It is dependent on it for nutrition, either partially or entirely during development
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In bryophytes, what to germinated spores form?
Immature gametophytes
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What are two forms of liverwort gametophytes
Flattened (thalloid) or leafy
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What do rhizoids do on liverworts
Anchor them to where they grow (look like ugly little hairs)
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Why do liverwort sporophytes split into valves?
To release spores and elaters
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Why do some liverworts have air pores?
To produce asexual gemmae in gemma cups
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Why do some thalloid liverworts have special ambrella-like structures
For antheridia and archegonia production
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Where do some leafy liverworts and some thalloid liverworts produce gammae
Along margins of gametophyte
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Where do some leafy and thalloid liverworts produce archegonia
In perianth
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What is a cryptothallus
A non-photosynthetic thalloid liverwort parasitic on basidiomycete fungi that have mycorrhizae with birch and pine
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What is the perisome?
Teeth that surround the mouth of the capsule through which spores are released
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What is a perigonium
Group of antheridia
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What is a perichaetium
Group of archegonia
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What do dung mosses have for flies?
Specializes capsules for fly dispersed spores.
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