History Semester Two Review People

A group of social thinkers in France during the enlightenment.

Philosophe who created a large set of Encyclopedias, beginning in 1751.

French writer who devoted himself to the study of political liberty, believed in the separation of powers, and wrote On the Spirit of Laws in 1748.

Philosophe who published over 70 books of political essays, philosophy, and drama, who was jailed for criticizing powerful figures.

Positive philosopher who believed that people could learn from experience and improve themselves, and he favored self-government.

A professor at the University of Glasgow, Scotland who defended the idea of free economy and published The Wealth of Nations in 1776.

Philosophe who was committed to individual freedom and wrote The Social Contract in 1762: “Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains”.

Weak king of France who contributed to a high debt.

Louis XVI’s wife who was nicknamed “Madame Deficit”.

Jacobin leader who gained power in 1793, and set out to build a “republic of virtue” by wiping out every trace of France’s past.

A radical political organization in France.

French general and emperor in 1804 who established the Napoleonic Code which eliminated many injustices, but limited liberty.

Inventor of the water-run power loom in 1787.

Mathematical instrument maker who improved the steam engine in 1765.

English naturalist who challenged the idea of special creation, believed in evolution, and wrote On the Origin of the Species by Natural Selection.

Austrian physician who believed that the unconscious mind drives how people think and act.

English author at the time of the French Revolution.

French chemist who developed the germ theory of disease and pasteurization.

German journalist who introduced a radical type of socialism called Marxism—the original form of Communism.

British author and poet who wrote “White Man’s Burden”.

Heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne who was assassinated by Gavrilo Princip on June 28, 1914 in Sarajevo.

Representative of Italy at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919 (Big Four).

French representative at the Paris peace Conference in 1919 (Big Four).

Representative from Great Britain at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919 (Big Four).

U.S. president during WWI, who wrote a series of peace proposals known as the Fourteen Points, and U.S. representative of the Big Four.

Czar of Russia in 1894.

Bolshevik leader who plotted to overthrow the czar with success, and became the Communist leader of the U.S.S.R. after leading a revolution.

Revolutionary leader in Russia who commanded the Bolshevik Red Army during the civil war.

Bolshevik leader in command of the Communist Party who gained power by outmaneuvering Leon Trotsky.

Fascist dictator of Italy who promised to rescue Italy by reviving its economy and rebuilding its armed forces.

Germany’s dictator and leader of the Nazi Party.

Fascist general who led a revolt in Spain.

Prime minister of Japan during WWII and a general in the Imperial Japanese Army.

American general who led Operation Torch, and became president in 1953.

British General who defeated the Germans and Italians at the Battle of El Alamein to stop the advance in North Africa.

Nicknamed “Desert Fox”—German General of the Afrika Korps who was defeated at El Alamein by Bernard Montgomery.

American president following Roosevelt’s death during the atomic bombing of Hiroshima.

Commander of the Allied land forces in the Pacific, who led forces at the Battle of Guadalcanal and developed the strategy of “island-hopping”.

Cuba’s harsh dictator in 1959, who brought social reforms and nationalized the economy.

American president from 1960 to 1963.

Soviet leader who ordered the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962.

General secretary of the Politburo (ruling committee of the Communist Party) who promoted openness and economic restructuring in the U.S.S.R.

A member of parliament, the former mayor of Moscow, and the Russian Federations president in 1991.

Russian Federations president in 1999 after Yeltsin resigned as war raged in Chechnya.

“Great Soul”—Indian leader who led a disobedience campaign against the British in 1920 and led the Salt March.

India’s first prime minister.

Jawarharlal Nehru’s daughter who was chosen to be prime minister in 1966.

China’s Nationalist forces commander in Southwestern China.

Communist leader in Northwestern China, in control of the Red Army.

American who took four ships to Tokyo Harbor in 1853 to deliver a treaty to the Japanese so the U.S. could take on supplies in two ports.

Egyptian president who fought with Britain, France, and Israel to gain control of the Suez Canal and was successful.

Israel’s prime minister.

Leader of the Jews residing in Palestine who announced the creation of an independent Israel on May 14, 1948.

Egyptian president following Nasser, who planned a joint Arab attack on Yom Kipper—the holiest of Jewish holidays—to gain the land of Palestine.

Israeli prime minister who signed the Camp David Accords in 1978 with Jimmy Carter and Anwar Sadat.

Chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO).

Muslim leader in Iran after the shah fled in 1979, who opposed western influences.

Prime minister of Libya in 1969.

Muslim military leader who governed Iraq as a secular state.

Serbian leader who asserted leadership over Yugoslavia after Josip Tito’s death in 1980, and ordered ethnic cleansing.

Solidarity union leader who became Polish president in 1990 and slowly improved the economy by converting to a free economic system.