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Why would damage to the central nervous system be so problematic?
Essay Final
Central Nervous system controls the body. Spinal cord is sensory & motor pathway to communication with brain. The brain controls body, cognition, organ systems. Damage to the nervous system results in loss of function or control of body.
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7 common manifestations of nervous disease
- Altered sensation -diabetes
- muscle atrophy
- muscle weakness -weak nerve signal, pinched
- spasticity -muscle firing &rigid
- abnormal reflexes
- cognitive changes -alzheimers
- mood disturbances -frontal lobe
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Spina Bifida
congenital disease of CNS
- congenital
- vertebral arches lumbar vert not fused properly(posteriorly)
- associated w/ Arnold Chiari malformation
- nutrient deficiency of folic acid
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Spina bifida occulta
congenital disease of CNS
- mildest, generally no symptoms
- incomplete fusion vertebrae
- small dimple, tuft of hair, present at site
- 20% population
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Meningocele
congenital disease of CNS
- protrusion of meningeal sac filled w/csf
- lower motor & sensory disorders
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meningomyelocele
congenital disease of CNS
- serious
- parts of spinal cord(nerves) in sac
- lower limb paralysis
- sensory loss
- inconstinence
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spina bifida aperta
congenital disease of CNS
- most sever, rare
- complete failure of vertebral fusion
- severly disabling, often incompatable w/life
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defective closure of cranial end
congenital disease of CNS
- less common
- incompatible w/life
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Arnold chiari malformation
congenital disease of CNS
- elongated medulla oblongata
- messes w/reabsorption, circulation of CSF
- most common cause of hydrocephalus
- headaches from obstructed flow CSF
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cerebral palsy
congenital disease of CNS
- variety of non-inherited motor disordersacquired in utero or soon after delivery
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fetal alcohol syndrome
congenital disease of CNS
- alcohol consumption during pregnancy
- ethanol directly toxic to CNS
- most vulnerable during 1st trimester
- (3 children of every 2,ooo born w/ this)
- mental retardation, microcephaly, growth retardation
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cerebral edema
- protective bony structures crush CNS as it expands
- secondary to injury
- head trauma
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herniation
- general or localized cerebral edema causes brain to shift position
- compressed nerves and vessels
- Ptosis *drooping upper eyelid, CN III"blown pupil"*CN III impingement, no pupillary reflex
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hydrocephalus
- accumulation excess CSF in ventricular system of brain
- water on brain
- congenital(arnold chiari) or trauma
- Non-communicating*obstruction in ventricle
- Communicating*CSF passes out of ventricular system, but is obstructed in subarachnoid space , reabsorption reduced
- altered mental status, dizzy, lack coordination, naseau
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increased intracranial pressure (ICP)
- hydrocephalus to increased intracranial pressure to decreased perfusion(interference of blood flow in vessels)headaches, vomiting,
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seizure disorders or epilepsies
- abnormal electrical discharges in brain
- 75% idiopathic (unknown causes)
- triggers*flashing lights, smells, sounds, stress, fever, medication, sleep deprivation
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partial seizure (FYI)
- Simple*consciousness not impaired
- Complex *(temperoal lobe seizure)*loss consciousness
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generalized seizures (FYI)
absence*common children, 5-10 sec, clusters
Tonic-Clonic(Grand Mall)*abrupt loss consciousness, muscle stiffness, jerking, twitching
Myoclonic*sudden, brief , single or clusters
Atonic(drop seizures)*sudden, abrupt collapse
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cerebrovascular accidents
- impaired blood flow, rupture vessel brain
- neurons are cells most vulnerable to injury w/irreversible damage occurring in 7 min.
- 3rd leading cause brain damage
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ischemic stroke
cerebrovascular accident
lack blood flow
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transient ischemic attack
cerebrovcascular accident
- few min to under 24 hours
- temporary loss neurological function
- mini-strokes
- precede 3% strokes
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intracranial hemorrhages
bleeding on brain
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subarachnoid hemorrhage
- non-traumatic
- most common cause saccular aneurysm
- abrupt
- rupture anytime after acute increase in ICP
- common females
- straining at stools and orgasms
- "worst headache of my life"
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epidural hematoma
central nervous trauma
- trauma
- rupture of meningeal artery compressing dura and flattening brain, may lead to herniation of brain and deathfast bleeding
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subdural hematome
central nervous system
- disruption veins between cortex and dural venous sinuses
- slow bleeing
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traumatic parenchymal injury
traumatic parenchymal injury
- consussion
- loss cerebral function, immediately following head injury
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diffuse axonal injury
traumatic parenchymal injury
- sudden acceleration/deceleration
- tears nerves of brain
- secondary to change in momentum of brain
- most common form post traumatic dementia along w/hypoxic injury is responsible for most cases of persistent vegetative states
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contusions
traumatic parenchymal injury
bleeding on brain due to trauma
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spinal cord injury
- traumatic injury to cord
- common males under 40
- penetrating wounds, fractures & displacement vertabrae
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paraplegia
spinal cord injury
loss sensory motor function in lower extremeties
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quadriplegia
- loss sensory motor function in upper & lower extremities
- causes autonomic dysreflexia, spasticity
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carpal tunnel
nerve compression syndrome
- median nerve entrapment at wrist
- 1st fingers & radial 1/2 of 4th finger
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ulnar nerve
nerve compressions syndrome
- ulnar nerve entrapment/irritation at elbow
- lateral ulnar 1/2 of 4th & 5th finger
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common peroneal nerve
nerve compression syndrome
- fibular head entrapment
- dorsal flexion foot
- branch sciatic nerve, ant. compartment leg
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sciatica
nerve compression syndrome
control posterior thigh, crus, foot, piriformis
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