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Some synapomorphies for angiosperms
Flowers, double fertilization, and fruits.
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This part of the flower is called a megametophyte. It usually only has 7 cells and 8 nuclei.
Ovule
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This part of the flower is surrounded by protective layers called integuments. And develops rapidly
Ovule
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Pollen are known as ____ & develop inside the _____.
Microgametophytes; anther.
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A pollen grain is known as a
Mature male gametophyte.
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In what direction does the pollen move?
From the anther to the stigma
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Define self-incompatibility
When pollen from the same plant is rejected; under genetic control.
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What is the result of double fertilization?
A 2n zygote (new sporophyte) and a 3n (triploid) cell.
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What does the 3n triploid cell do?
It divides to become the nutritive tissue for the embryo. This is known as the endosperm.
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What exactly are fruit?
Swollen ovaries that contain seeds
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Vessels and libriform fibers evolved from
Tracheids
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What are libriform fibers?
Thick lignified walls that are dead at maturity and provide support
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How are angiosperms different from mangoliids, eudicos, and monocots?
They have their carpel sealed by secretion, whereas the others are sealed by tissue connection later in developing, they are initially open.
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What are mangoliids?
Trees or shrubs with net veined aromatic leaves; parts not fused and pollen grains with a signle germination furrow (monosulcate).
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What kind of root system do adult monocots have?
Adventitious; roots of the seedling abort and are replaced by roots originating from stems or leaves.
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Another word for net-venation
Reticulate.
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Monocots are usually
Herbs, as they lack secondary growth.
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Eudicots are usually
Woody or herbaceous.
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What kind of pollen do magnoliids have?
Monosulcate grains
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Tell me about monocots and their germination apertures
They have monosulcate or other kinds of grains and a single aperature
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Tell me about eudicots and their germination apertures
They have 3 apertures (3 pores or slits)
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How are flowers of eudicots vs. monocots?
Eudicots have 4 or 5 parts per flower and monocots have groups of 3
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Eudicots: rosids: oak family traits
Oak family: tree, reduced wind pollinated flowers, fruits are nuts
- Eudicots: rosids: rose family traits
- Showy flowers, usually fusion of stamens, petals, and sepals into a thick cup
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Eudicots: Rosids: bean family traits
Many bilateral flowers, all have distinctive fruity type: legume
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Eudicots- asterids: tomato family (night shade family)
Mostly herbs, important food crops, many are poisonous
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Eudicots- asterids: sunflower family
Largest family of flowering plants, over 23K
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Monocots: grass family
Flowers are very tiny and are wind pollinated. Extremely important food crops (corn, rice, wheat)
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Monocots: orchid family
Fruidy with thousands of minute dust-like seeds that have NO ENDOSPERM, are dependent upon immediate establishment with mycorrhizal fungi in order to grow, at 25K species, they are the second largest plant family.
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Whats the point of a flower?
To attract animals and help move pollen around
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What are pollination syndromes
Sets of flower characteristics that are suited to certain animal pollinators.
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How are beetle pollinated flowers?
They have strong odor and dull colors and are large
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How are flowers pollinated by flies
Red/pink In color and smell bad/strong
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How are flowers pollinated by bees?
Brightly colored with nectar guides, bilaterally symmetrical and held at an angle.
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How are flowers pollinated by butterflies
They usually have long tubular shape and a landing platform.
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How are flowers pollinated by hummingbirds
Red, bilaterally symmetrical, long tubular, odorless, lot of nectar
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How are bat-pollinated flowers
Strong odors, lots of nectar, white dull colors
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Whats special about wind pollinated plants?
They forgo color, no petals, but dangle.
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