We want to obtain results quickly, save money on testing, and avoid inaccuracy brought on by delaying sample evaluation. These are alls reasons to...
Test samples in house
We want to obtain a wider spectrum of test on a sample, save technician time and buy fewer machines to clutter up the counter. These are reasons to...
Send a sample out of house
If you let a urine sample sit out of the counter for a few hours before testing; which of the following is LEAST likely to happen?
A. Decreased glucose B.sample may become contaminated C. may show increased bacteria D. Sample may become dilute
D. If anything the sample in become more concentrated
What is the most common reason we see contamination and precipitates in our stains which screw with results?
Stains kept around to long!
What method of urine collection is recommended when requesting a culture and sensitivity?
Cystocentesis
If a client has a fresh stool sample but can not get it to you for a few hours, what should be done with the sample?
Tell them to refrigerate it
What should you do with every patient regaurdless of the reason they are there?
Thorough visual exam
how should we treat all biological fluids in the lab?
Should be treated as infectious and discarded as so!
What is the most common cause of blindness in young children in the U.S.?
Toxocara canis and cati
What is a normal inhabitant of racoons but devastating larval migrins in the aberrant host?
Baylisascaris procyonis
What is present in almost all kittens and puppies but easily treated with an oral medication like strongid?
Toxocara canis and cati
What is bacterial, zoonotic, usually found around water, and we have good vaccines for severals strains?
Leptospirosis
What is mainly transmitted by ingestion and preperation of raw/ undercooked meat, but due to the fecal contaminates we DO NOT want any PREGNANT women cleaning litter boxes?
Toxoplasmosis
Who can get rabies?
All warm blooded animals
What is the most common fungal zoonotic disease?
Dermatophytes
What is the standard measure under the microscope?
micrometer
What is the revolving nose peice called on a microscope?
Turret
When should microscopes be cleaned?
Both before and after use, every time
What is the invasion of a parasite ON a host
Infestation
what is an organism that carries pathogens from one host to the next
Vector
What is an invasion IN the body caused by a foreign living organism?
Infection
What is the study of disease?
Pathology
What is a harmful organism that lives Out of the body?
Ectoparasites
What is a harmful organism that lives inside the body?
Endoparasites
what is a presumptive list of possibilites based on clinical signs, history, ans lesions?
Differentail Diagnosis
What is the term that mean, 'the actual cause of disease'?
Etiology
What is the disturbance in tissue caused by disease- visible grossly and microscopically?
lesion
Insects have ___ legs and arachnids have ___ legs!
i=6 and a=8
What are mosquitoes actually classified as?
flies
Which group of mosquitoes are actually parasitic?
Only adult females
Biting or chewing lice are called?
mallophaga
sucking lice are called?
Anaplura
Which ectoparasites are the most voracious blood suckers, often becoming 3 times their size after their meal?
Ticks
Which life stage(s) is/are the tick considered parasitic?
egg, larvae, nymph, adult
Larvae, nymph, and adult
Fleas, Ticks, Lice, Or Mites
Which does the female burrow into skin or hair follicles and lay eggs
Mites
Fleas, Ticks, Lice, Or Mites
Responsible for mange
mites
Fleas, Ticks, Lice, Or Mites
pediculosis
Lice
What is Pediculosis?
Infestation of lice
Fleas, Ticks, Lice, Or Mites
Most common ectoparasitic problems in the dog and cat
fleas
Fleas, Ticks, Lice, Or Mites
Have both biting and sucking types
Lice
Fleas, Ticks, Lice, Or Mites
Ctenocephalides felis
flea
Fleas, Ticks, Lice, Or Mites
Diagnosis is a skin scrape
Mites
Fleas, Ticks, Lice, Or Mites
Secondary concerns include transmission of tapeworms, bartonella and the plague; also can cause significant anemia in young animals
Fleas
Fleas, Ticks, Lice, Or Mites
Most species specific; much more likely to be clinical in stressed and crowded populations
Lice
Fleas, Ticks, Lice, Or Mites
Boophilus annulatus and Ixodes scapularis
Ticks
Fleas, Ticks, Lice, Or Mites
Important vector for ehrlichiosis and babesia
ticks
What is the scientific name for ear mites?
Otodectes cynotis
What is a Tabandid?
Horsefly or Deer Fly
Which fly causes 'Fly Worry'?
horn Fly
Which fly likes to feed inside?
Stable Fly
Which fly would lap up fluid around the eyes and cause blindness in the herd?
Face Fly
What mange mite is considered reportable in large animal?
ALL of them
What fly was successfully eradicated from the US by sterile mating?
Screwworm Fly
What mite causes leg mange in large animal?
Chorioptic
Which mite is the most severe and causes deep blistering skin lesions in large animal?
Psoroptic
Which fly is BIG, has an aggressive bite, and hang out around fresh water?
Horsefly or Deer fly
Which fly spend most of it's time at the back end of the cows?
Horn Fly
Insect or Arachnid?
Ticks, Flies, Mites, Fleas, Lice
Insect=ticks and mites
Arachnids= Fleas, Flies, Lice
What should ALWAYS be done with a cat that has ear mitres before they leave?
CLEAN OUT THE EARS!
True or False: Fleas are a big problem in large animal.
FALSE
What is the proper way to remove a tick?
Use gloves or tweezers to pull straight out
What words refers to a soft tick?
Argasid
What word refers to a hard tick?
Ixodes
What is the most common seen flea?
Cat flea
What parasite(s) likes to spend all it's life cycles on the host the whole time?
Lice and mites
Which large animal tick was almost eradicated, causes tick fever, and is reportable?
Boophilus annulatus
What is the bot fly larva called?
Warble
Are fleas species specific?
No
What is the name of the wingless fly and what does it damage?
Sheep ked; wool and fibers
A definitive host allows the parasite to____ and complete it's ___ ___.
Reproduce and complete it's life cycle
What zoonotic disease is bacterial, likely to cause sever diarrhea, and commensal in some retile stomachs?
Salmonella
What is the total magnification you seen things looking through a lens that is 10x, 40x, and 100x? What makes the difference?
100x, 400x, and 1000x; eye peices are 10x
In the lab things that can cut you are disposed of in the ____ and all biological waste in disposed of in the _____.
Sharps container; bio-hazard red bags
What is myiasis?
Any disease that results from the infestation of tissues or cavities of the body by larvae of flies.
What does micturiton mean?
urination
What is the word for the transient increase in urine output as seen with overzealous hydration or certain drugs like Lasix?
diuresis
What is the word for the reduction of urine output as seen in dehydration or shock?
Oliguria
What is the word for lack of urine production
Anuria
What is the word for increased urine output as seen in diabetes mellitus, diabetes insipidus, and renal disease?
Polyuria
What species tends to have cloudy urine normally?
Horse
What does specific gravity tell us and what is it referenced to?
The concentration; distiled water
What is the most common signalment for urinary incontinence?
Older spayed female dog
What is the primary hormone responsible for urine volume? What other hormone can effect it?
Antidiuretic Hormone; Aldosterone
What is one thing that should NOT be seen in normal healthy urine? (think diabetes if it is)
Glucose
What are 3 normal endocrine functions of the kidney?
(2 things produced and 2 regulated)
produce Prostoglandins and Erythropoietin and regulate ADH and Aldosterone
What part is the kidney is responsible for secretion?
Distal Convoluted Tubules
What part is the kidney is responsible for reabsorption?
Proximal Convoluted Tubules
What part is the kidney is responsible for filtration?
Renal Corpuscle
How much blood is circulated throught the kidney every minute?
25%
Generally speaking, if you see abundant casts in a urine sample what does it mean?
Renal Failure
Cystitis is usually ________ in cats and _______ in dogs.
c= idiopathic d= bacterial
What is the most common urolith in cats and dogs?
Struvite
What is the @nd most common urolith in cats and dogs?
Calcium oxalate
What urolith is almost always only found in Dalmations or PSS patients?
Ammonium urate
What urolith looks like a stop signs?
Cystine
ARF, CRF, or BOTH: Ethylene glycol Toxicity
ARF
ARF, CRF, or BOTH: Patient is geriatric
CRF
ARF, CRF, or BOTH:Significant anemia and noticeable weight-loss
CRF
ARF, CRF, or BOTH: May be reversible
ARF
ARF, CRF, or BOTH: Kidneys are large and painful
ACF
ARF, CRF, or BOTH: Kidneys are small, irregualr and not painful
CRF
ARF, CRF, or BOTH: Azotemia is common on blood work
Both
What hormone is produced by the kidney and is used in RBC formation?
Erythropoientin
What method of urine collection is least likly to produce blood contamination?
Free catch
What method of urine collection is least traumatic to the bladder?
free catch
What method of urine collection will most likely yeild the most epithelial cells in your microscopic exam?
Catheterization
What two methods of urine collection is it important to accurately palpate the bladder?
Manual compression and cystocentesis
Which form of urine collection is potentailly the most dangerous in an overextended bladder?
Manual Compression
Ketonuria will most likely cause what kind of odor in the urine?
A sweet, fruity odor
What color urine would you expect if it were decribed as hematuria?
red or pink
What color would you expect if the urine was described as pyuria?
cloudy-white
How would you expect urine to look if it were described as polyuria?
dilute, clear
If What would you expect of a urine sample from a patient with oliguria?
very concentrated
What hormone is involved with Na re-absorbtion and plays a minor roll in H2 O volume regulation?
Aldosterone
What animal would logically have a high urine pH; Herbavor, Omnivor, or carnivor?
Herbavor
What animal is likely to have little bilirubin in the urine normally?
dog
How is the proximal convoluted tubule modified to best perform it's function of re-absorption?
It has brush border for increased surface area
What are 3 reasons to perform a urinalysis?
Sick patient work-up, geriatric work-up, blodd in urine, or PU/PD
What item in urine is most likely to be destroyed by rough handling?
casts
Reasons you would expect a high urine pH?
significant bacteria, urine sat out, blocked cat, fever, or metabolic alkalosis
Reasons you would expect low urine pH
Starvation, metabolic acidosis, extreme activity, hihg protein diet, or fever
What epithelial cell is the largest?
Squamous
What epithelial cell is the most indicative of serious renal disease?
Renal
Which epithelial cell has a fried egg appearance and is often plentiful and altered in bladder carcinoma or catheterized patients?
Transitional
Which epithelial cell is easy to confuse with WBC?
Renal
When is the best time to collect a urine sample?
First A. M. urine
What is something that a more intense yellow color may indicate in urine?
concentrated or excreted vitamin B
What is something that brown urine could indicate in urine?
myoglobinuria or severe pseudomonas infection
What is the main functioning unit of the kidney?
Nephon
If you refrigerate a urine sample and do not let it warm to room temp before you examin it what may be falsely evevated?
Crystals
what bladder stone may be dessolved medically and with diet?
Struvite
What is one thing in a urinalysis that indicates more systemic illness?
Hemaglobinuria
If a cat urine sample shows a great deal of bilirubin or bile on the dipstick, what organ are you concered may be damaged?
Liver
What would be the first though if you saw high nitrites in urine?
Bacterial infection
What is a good example of pre-renal azotemia? Post-renal azotemia?
ARF; Dehydration
What is the intermediate host/ vector of heartworm?
Mosquitoes
What is the definitive host of heartworm?
The canine
Who are some secondary/ aberrant hosts of heartworm?
Fox, wolf, cats, ferrets, wolvarines, sealions
How do we currently test for heartworm, what does it actually test for, and is it an accurate test?
We used ELISA tests, they look for antigens, and they are cheap, quick, easy, and specific so yes they are good
What are some standard preventative drugs used for heartworm?
Microfilaricides and adulticides; what are they, what do they do, and how are they different?
Heartworm drugs, one for adults and other for microfilaria, for treatment and prevention.
What is the scientific name for heartworm? The name for the look alike?
Dirofilaria immitis; Dipetalonema reconditum
What are the stages of treatment for heartworm?
1 injection given IM in lumbar area with rest to follow. 4 weeks later 2 injections 24 hours apart also in lumbar area in stict rest to follow! The animal will also need a microfilaricidal aggent. But REST REST REST
Why is rest sooo important in the treatment of heartworm?
The treatment is literally poisons injected into the muscle. They kills the adult worm that are in the heart and blood stream. Rest is to help prevent a clot in the blood stream and the treatment is very painful!
How is heartworm tested in cats and is it any good?
Tested same as in dogs; ELISA test and it is good when there are circulating microfilaria. Most the time, since they can't reproduce in an aberrent host, there are nothing that will trigger the test.
What is the difference in heartworm burden between cats and dogs?
Dogs have been known to have 10's but uncommon to have more than 30. Cats usually 1-2 uncommon for more than 6
What is the difference between heartworm treatment in cats and dogs?
There is no treatment for cats
What is the average life span of the heartworm in dogs? Cats?
5-7yrs and 2-3 yrs
What are some clinical signs of heartworm in dogs?
Signs vary from nonexistent to sudden death! Mild disease – generally see a cough, Moderate – cough, abnormal lung sounds on ausculation,
Severe– all above + dyspnea+ ascites, syncope, possible collapse and death
What are some clinical signs of heartworm disease in cats?
can be similar to dog~ dyspnea, cough, caval syndrome, heart disease or subclinical. Or can be very different~ chronic vomiting, weightloss, blindness, and anorexia
What are common drug chooses/treaments for most blood parasites?
Tetracycline and Doxycycline
How do we try and prevent blood parasites?
Try to prevent ectoparasites; no fleas, ticks, or flies. Try and maintain good husbandry
What geographic area is the most prevalent with Lyme's disease?
Northern East Coast (Around Lyme's Connetticut)
Who is most likely to get Lyme's and how is it transmitted?
Dogs and humans; Ixodes scapularis (Deer Tick/ Blacklegged Tick) must attach for 24-36 hours and be carrying the bacteria Borrelia burgdorferi
Signs of Lymes?
Bulls eye lesion in humans. Actual signs can take months to show;fever, lethargy, anorexia, swollen or painful joints, cardiac, neurological and renal abnormalities
Where in the body will you most likely find Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (Rickettsia rickettsii)?
Lives in the vascular endothelial cells
With anaplasmosis how will gae change what happens?
<1 almost no signs, 1-2 moderate to severe, adults it could be fatal.
With both anaplasmosis and babesia in large animal, why is transport across states lines risky?
They are pretty easy on the young and they build immunity. Older animals that have never been exposed could get VETRY sick
What disease is has the tick as a vector and is often called Tick fever?
Anaplasmosis
How is babesia transmitted in small animal?
Rhipicephalus sanguineus (brown dog tick) and Dermacentor variabilis(American Dog Tick); can also be from mouth of dog with open lesions.
What is the vector for Cytauxzoonosis?
The tick
How is Hemobartonella transmitted?
Usually fleas but also ticks, lice, bites, intrauterin, blood transfusions
What is the vector for Ehrlichia canis transmittion?
Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Brown Dog Tick)
What is the vector for Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever and what is the actual endoparasite scientific name?
Dermacentor variabilis (American Dog Tick);Rickettsia rickettsii
What is the vector for Lyme's Disease and what is the actual endoparasite scientific name?
Ixodes scapularis(Deer Tick or Black Legged Tick);Borrelia burgdorferi
What is the vector for American Canine Hepatozoonosis and what is the actual endoparasite scientific name? How is this one different?
Amblyomma maculatum; Hepatozoon americanum; The tick is ingested not ingesting
How is Eperythrozoonosis transmitted and what family does it belong to?
Flea, tick, lice, iatrogenic, flies; Rickettsia
Ticks have 2 classes, hard and soft; what are the proper names for these and what is the life cycle?
Ixodid and argasid; egg, larva, nymph, adult
Lice have 2 classes, Bitting and sucking; what are the proper names for these and what is the life cycle?
Mallophaga, anoplura; nit, nymph, adult
What is the life cycle of fleas and flies?
egg, larva, pupa, adult
What is the proper name for the stable fly? aka? Causes?
Stomoxys calcitrans, Biting House fly, Fly Strike
myiasis is also called? Warbles are also called?
Maggot Wounds; Cuterebra, Bot Fly larva
What is the proper name of the most common flea?
Ctenocephalides felis
Scientific name for the Brown dog tick? Vector for what?
Rhipicephalus sanguineus; babesia and ehrlichia
Scientific name for the Deer tick/ Blacklegged tick? Vector for what?
Ixodes scapularis; Lyme's Disease
Scientific name for the American dog tick? Vector for what?
Dermacentor variabilis: Babesia and Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
What are the 3 types of small animal mange?
Demodex canis, Sarcoptes scabei, and noteodres cati
What is the proper name for ear mites?
Otodectes cynotis
Proper name for the deer fly? AKA? Vector for?
Tabanids; houseflies, green-headed flies; anthrax and EIA
Proper name for the Horn Fly and what do we worry about with them?
Haematobia irritans; Fly Worry
Proper name for Face Fly and what is usually causes?
Musca autumnalis; Bovine Pink eye and leading cause to blindness in cattle
Proper name for the Srewworm Fly and what we usually saw with them?
Cochliomyia hominivorax; myiasis
What family and species does Cattle Crub belong to and what is the parasitic larve called?
Bot Fly; Hypoderma; Warble
What is the proper name for the Sheep ked? What's special about it and what does it damage?
Melophagus ovinus; Wingless Fly; wool and fiber
What is the only soft tick we deal with?
Spinose Ear tick (argasid)
What is the proper name for the cattle tick and what is special about it?
Boophilus annulatus; almost eraticated; reportable
What is the proper name for the Rocky Mountain Wood Tick and what can it's toxin cause?
Dermacentor andersoni; tick paralysis
What is the proper name for the lonestar tick?
Amblyomma americanum
2 types of mange found in large animal and not small; one is the cause of leg mange and the other is the most severe causeing pruritic blisters.
Chorioptic Mange; Psoroptic Mange
Roundworms: Classification, Scientific name, host, and transmission?
