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A condition in which there is a deficiency of RBC or hemoglobin or both
Anemia
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Anemia Symptoms?
SOB, fatigue and weakness
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Causes of Anemia:
- 1. impaired production of RBC
- 2. increased destruction of RBC
- 3. massive or chronic blood loss
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Signs and Symptoms of anemia?
pallor, tachycardia, tachypnea, irritability, fatigue, and SOB
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Diagnostic Tests for Anemia?
CBC -- RBC, WBC, hemoglobin and hematocrit and iron levels
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Iron supplements should be taking in conjunction with what to enhance absorption?
Vitamin C
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type of anemia in which the bone marrow becomes fatty and incapable of producing the needed numbers of RBC
Aplastic Anemia
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what is a result in aplastic anemia
pancytopenia == a decreased number of all formed elements
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The most definitive diagnostic test for aplastic anemia
bone marrow biopsy == because bone marrow is essentially dead == pale, fatty, yellow fibrous tissue not red, gelatinous tissue
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Erythopoietin/ Epogen
stimulates the production of RBC
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Filgastim/Neupogen
stimulates the production of WBC
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Sickle cell anemia is inherited ? T/F
True
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What can cause a sickle cell crisis?
hypoxia or dehydration
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Clinical manifestations of Sickle cell anemia?
- Stasis ulcers
- Stroke
- Heart Failure
- Hand and foot syndrome
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Signs and symptoms of Sickle Cell
- Pain and swelling in joints (elbows and knees)
- abdominal pain
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Therapeutic Interventions for Sickle Cell
- Oxygen
- IV and oral fluids
- Analgesics
- Blood transfusion
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Patient Education for Patient with Sickle Cell
- prevention of acute episodes
- avoid strenuous exercise
- alcohol
- no flying or mountain climbing
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Polycythemia
- changes in the RBC cell count
- the blood becomes so thick with and overabundance of RBC
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Therapeutic Measures for Polycythemia?
- therapeutic phlebotomy -- withdrawal of bloodÂ
- first every other day, then every 2-3 months
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Disseminated Intravascular coagulation
in a short period all of the clotting factors are exhausted and clots can no longer be formed === results in bleeding from everywhere
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Signs and symptoms of DIC?
Early == petechiae, ecchymoses, bleeding at venipuncture site
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Diagnostic tests for DIC?
PT and PTT == prolonged
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Therapeutic Measures for DIC?
Administration of Vit K, Fresh frozen plasma, platelets, cryoprecipitate
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Hemophilia occurs in what type of patients?
Young males
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What is Hemophilia?
a group of heredity disorders that result from a severe lack of specific clotting factorsÂ
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Signs and Symptoms of hemophilia?
- bleeding into muscles and joints
- Severe bleeding episodes can cause joint deformities
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A malignant disease of the WBC that affects all age groups ...
Leukemia
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In Leukemia what happens to the immature WBC?
the generate in an explosive fashion
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What is a complication of Leukemia?
Anemia -- because too many WBC are being produced and not enough RBC are being produced
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What is complication of having few mature WBC in leukemia
Risk for infection, to few mature WBC to fight off infection
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Therapeutic Measure for Leukemia?
Chemotherapy
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Some Nursing interventions for patients undergoing chemotherapy?
- Keep away from large crowds
- No raw vegetables/ fruit or flowers
- hand washing
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A deadly cancer of the plasma cells in the bone marrow?
Multiple myloma
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Complications of multiple myeloma?
pathological fractures
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Signs and symptoms of Multiple Myeloma?
- Skeletal pain
- hypercalcemia
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How do you treat Hypercalcemia in patients
Give Fluids
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What are patients with multiple myeloma at risk for?
Risk for injury/falls
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Cancer of the lymph system, determined by the presence of Reed Sternberg Cells
Hodgkins Disease
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Sign of Hodgkin's disease?
Swollen/painful lymph nodes == biopsy shows presence of reed sternbergs cells
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First priority for a patient with Hodgkins disease?
Airway management
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What should patients with Hodgkins disease stay away of and why?
Alcohol because it can induce pain
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NonHodgkins
- Presence of Painless, swollen lymph nodes
- absence of Reed Sternberg Cells
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Slenomagaly
Enlarged spleen
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splenectomy
removal of spleen
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What is ordered preoperatively for a splenectomy?
Vit K to correct clotting factor deficiencies
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Complications from a Splenectomy?
Respiratory problems == spleen is under diaphragm ----> pneumonia and atelectasis
infections ---> spleen has a role in the immune response
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