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General functions of blood?
transportation of nurtients, oxygen, cellular wastes
Regulation of blood pressure, pH, fluid balance
transportation of cells
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blood cells are suspended in what?
the blood plasma
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The blood is made of what?
formed elements: RBC, WBC, platelets and plasma
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The formed elements in the blood are made by what? Which is found where?
Produced by the red bone marrow a hemopoietic tissue found in the flat bones, irregular bones and the epiphyses of long bones ( in children)
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Liquid portion of the blood
Plasma
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Plasma contains what clotting factors?
prothrombin and fibrinogen
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Fibrinogen and Prothrombin are made synthesized where?
the liver
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Albumin?
synthesized by the liver, and helps to maintain blood pressure and blood volume by pulling tissue fluid into the venous ends of the capillary network
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Alpha and beta globulins are what? and are found where to do what?
they are antibodies, that are found in the plasma, and hlep with immunity
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Mature RBC do not have what
a nucleus
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RBC carry what?
Oxygen bonded to the iron on the hemoglobin
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Lack of iron, hemoglobin or RBC can cause what?
Anemia, SOB and weakness
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Rate of RBC production is influenced by what?
the blood oxygen level
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When the blood O2 level is low, the _____ will secrete ____ in order to _____ (increase/decrease) RBC production
kidneys; erythropoeitin; increase
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reticulocyte
immature red blood cell
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What are some of the dietary requirements required for the normal production of RBC
- Protein
- Iron
- Folic Acid
- Vitamin B12
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RBC live for about how long?
120 days
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When RBC die, they are phagocitized by what?
the liver
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Iron is returned to where after the RBC die?
Red bone marrow or is stored in the liver
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The heme portion of the hemoglobin is converted to what?
The liver converts heme to bilirubin which is excreted into bile for elimination into the feces
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Increased bilirubin levels can cause what?
Jaundice
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Neutrophils
First line of defense in an infection
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Eosinophils
are increased in an allergic rxn; combat the effects of histamine
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Basophils
apart of the inflammatory response
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Capillaries do not have what?
they do not have smooth muscle so they cannot constrict
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How do platelets form a platelet plug?
they become sticky and adhere to the rough edges of the broken capillary and to one another
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prothrombinase converts _____ to _____?
prothrombin to thrombin
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thrombin converts _____ to _____?
fibrinogen to fibrin to form the clot
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What mineral is needed for clotting?
Calcium
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If the red bone marrow fails to produce RBC, which to organs will perform this function?
the liver and spleen
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The spleen contains _____; that conduct immune responses...
B cells and T cells
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Signs and symptoms of abnormal bleeding?
- petechiae
- ecchymoses
- purpura
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small purplish hemorrhagic spots under the skin?
Petechiae
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Larger areas of discoloration from hemorrhage under the skin/ bruising...
Ecchymoses
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Hemorrhage under the skin, mucous membranes and organs
Purpura
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Subjective Data
- bleeding tendency
- - any nosebleeds or unusual bleeding?
- - bloody or black stools?
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Objective Data
Clubbed fingers == hypoxia or anemia
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Less efficient immune system
=== risk for infection
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iron deficiency
risk for anemia
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slowed erythrocyte production
risk for anemia
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reduced plasma volume
increased risk for dehydration
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Bone marrow Biopsy
obtained from the sternum, spinous processes of vertebrae, or iliac crest
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INR
- International normalization ratio
- ---Therapeutic Range : 2.0 - 3.0
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What size needle can you use for blood administration?
18 - 20 G
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What is the only solution that you should use with blood administration?
Normal Sterile Saline
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How long can you allow blood to hang for?
- No longer that 4 hours
- Usually 2-4 hours
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When administering blood; a transfusion reaction usually occurs when?
During the first 5 - 15 mins
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Hemolytic Reaction to blood signs and symptoms?
back pain, chest pain, chills, fever, SOB, N/V,
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At the first sign of a tranfustion reaction what should you do?
Stop transfusion and stay with the patient
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What is circulatory overload caused by?
A rapid transfusion in a short amount of time
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Signs and symptoms of Circulatory Overload?
Chest pain, cough, frothy sputum, distended neck veins, crackles and wheezes
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