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Two genetic theories
Blending and particulate
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A type of inheritance where each determinant is physically distinct and remains intact during fertilization
Particulate
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An observable physical feature
Charater
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A form or character
Trait
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The type of breeding mendel worked with
True breeding.
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When plants all mated with the same trait and charater.
True breeding.
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Order of generations
P > F1 + F1 = F2
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In mendels experiments, what was a recessive trait
When it disappeared in F1 generation and reappeared in F2.
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The trait that appears from P to F1 is
Dominant trait
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Which theory did mendel support
Particulate. He rejected blending
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The ratio of dominant traits to recessive traits in F2
3;1
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Mendel proposed that determinants occur in ______; and are segregated in the ______.
Pairs; gametes.
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True breeding pairs have two copies of same allele; that is, they are
Homozygous for the allele.
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Mendels first law
Law of segregation
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Law of segregation
States that two copies of a gene separate when an individual makes gametes; each receives one copy.
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A short sequence on a longer DNA molecule
Gene
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The kinds of molecules that make up chromosomes
DNA
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Mendels second experiment involved
Crossing peas that differed in two characters. Shape and color of seed.
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Mendels second experiment was known as
A dihybrid cross
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When alleles maintain associations seen in parental generation,
They could be linked.
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If alleles are independent, gametes could be
In equal numbers
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Mendels second law
Law of independent assortment
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Law of independent of assortment
Alleles of different genes assort independently during formation. Chromosomes segregate independently.
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Probability that both will happen (joint probability)
Multiply probabilities together.
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Genetics use pedigrees to determine
Whether a rare allele is dominant or recessive
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Pattern or inheritance for a rare dominant allele.
Every person with abnormal phenotype has affected parent; all (homozygous) or half (heterozygous) of offspring are affected when parent is affected.
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Pattern of inheritance for a rare recessive allele
Affected people have two unaffected parents; ¼ of children of unaffected parents are affected.
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Rare, stable, inherited changes in genetic material
Mutation.
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A gene with wild type allele that is present less than 99% of time is
Polymorphic
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Two alleles of a gene produce phenotypes that are both present in heterozygote
Codominance
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Phenotypic expression of a gene is influenced by another
Epitasis
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A cross between two different true breeding homozygoes. Can result in super offspring
Hybrid vigor; heterosis
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Traits that are measured rather than assessed qualitatively
Quantitative traits.
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What two factors determine phenotype of an organism.
Genotype and environment
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The proportion of individuals with a certain phenotype that SHOW the phenotype
Penetrance
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The degree to which genotype is expressed in an individual
Expressivity
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A particular site on a chromosome
Locus (loci)
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This can alter a genes pattern of inheritance
Gene linkage
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Genetic linkage was discovered by
Thomas Hung Morgan
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This drosophilia melanogaster is known as model organism because
Size, ease of breeding, and shot generation time
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In THMs experiments, he saw that some ratios violated law of independent assortment. Instead
They were inherited together.
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Morgan theorized that
Loci linked on same chromosome and could assort independently.
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Some offspring showed phenotypes different from their parents.. meaning
They were recombinant phenotypes.
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How do recombinants happen?
Two chromatids of four recombine.
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How to measure recombinant frequencies
Number of recombined offspring / total number of offspring
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Recombinant frequencies can be used to
Make genetic maps showing the arrangement of genes along chromosomes.
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Recombinant frequencies are converted to
Map units which can be used to measure distances between genes.
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How many pairs of chromosomes does the fruit fly have
3 pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes.
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Which chromosomes dont follow Mendelian patterns?
Sex
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Male sex chromosomes are
Hemizygous.
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Inheritance of a gene that is carried on a sex chromosome
Sex-linked inheritance
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4 facts about x-linked recessive phenotypes
Common in males, male can only pass to daughters, daughters who receive one are heterozygous carriers, mutant phenotype can skip a generation if it passes from male, to daughter, to her son.
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Other than the nuc, where else are genes found
Mitochondria and plastids
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Who are mitochondria and plastids inherited from
Mother
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How do bacteria exchange genes?
Bacterial conjugations
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A projection that initiates contacts between cells
Sex pilus
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How does bacterial conjugation work?
Donor fragments and some material enters recipient cell
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Small circular DNA molecules next to the main chromosome that some bacteria have
Plasmids
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Categories of genes on the plasmids
Metabolic tasks, conjugation, antibiotic resistance
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Plasmids have the ability to
Move between cells at conjugation, replicate independently of main chromosome and add their genes by the recipients genome.
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