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____ or _______________ anatomy is the study of large body structures visible to the naked eye
Gross, macroscopic
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______________ is the study of everything in a specific region at the same time
Regional anatomy
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______________ studies systems
Systems anatomy
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________________ is the study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface.
Surface anatomy
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______________ deals with structures to small to be seen
Microscopic anatomy
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_____________- is the study of cells in the body
Cytology
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_______________ studies the bodies tissues
histology
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_________________ traces structural changes that occur in the body throughout the life span
Developmental anatomy
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_____________-- concerns developmental changes that occur before birth
embryology
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________________- concerns kidney function and urine production
Renal physiology
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_________________ explains the workings of the nervous system.
neurophysiology
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_______________ examines the operation of the heart and blood vessels
cardiovascular physiology
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The simplest level of the structural hierarchy is the
chemical level
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Groups of similar cells that have common function
tissues
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Does cartilage contain blood vessels or nerves?
No
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irregular connective tissue that surounds cartilage is called ________
the perichonfrium, it resists outward expansion
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The perichondrium brings ____________ that bring the nutrients to the cartilage
blood vessels
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What are the three types of cartilage and where are they found
- Hyaline - covers the end of long bones, ribs, larynx, nose
- Elastic - external ear and epiglotis
- Fibrocartilage - menisci of the knee and invertebral discs
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What are the two ways collagen grows?
- Appositional (outside)
- Interstitial (inside)
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Describe appositional cartilage growth
cells in the ichondrium secrete matrix against the external face of existing cartilage
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Explain interstitial cartilage growth
Lacunae-bound chondrocytes inside the cartilage divide and secrete new matrix, expanding the cartilage from within
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Calcification of cartilage occurs during
normal bone growth in young people and old age
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What are the two classifications of bones?
- Axial skeleton-bones of the skull, vertebral column and ribcage
- Appendecular skeleton-bones of the upp and lower limbs, shoulder and hip
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What are the 5 functions of bones?
- Support-form the framework that supports te body and cradles soft tissue
- Protection-provides a protective case for the brain, spinal cord and vital organs
- Movement-provide levers for muscles
- Mineral Storage-resevoir for minerals, especially calcium and phosphorus
- Blood cell formation-hematopoisis occurs within the marrow cavities and bones
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Osteogenesis and ossification is
the process of bone formation
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Intramembranous ossification is when
bone developes from a fibrous membrane
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When bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage it is called
Endochondrial ossification
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The formation of most of the flat bones/frontal, parietal and occipital is called
intramembranous ossification
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What are the stages of intramembranous ossification?
- An ossification center appears in the fibrous connective tissue membrane
- Bone matrix is secreted within thhe fibrous membrane
- Woven bone and perioseum form
- Bone collar of compact bone form and red marrow appear
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