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Central Nervous System (CNS) (structure)
brain, spinal cord
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Nervous System
- Sensation (collects information, recognizes changes)
- Motor (sends information, controls responses)
- Integration (connects sensory to motor);Memory
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Peripheral nervous system (PNS) (structure)
spinal nerves, cranial nerves
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Sensory (direction)
afferent, toward CNS, detects changes
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Motor (direction)
efferent, from CNS, controls response
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Somatic (connection)
skin, muscles
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Visceral (connection)
organs
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Functional divisions of the nervous system
a) somatic sensory b) somatic motor c) visceral sensory b) visceral motor (to cadiac and smooth muscle, glands; Autonomic system)
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stimulus
change in conditions, excites the neuron
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impulse
wave of excitation along the neuron
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neuroglia
supportive cells, don't conduct impulse
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Soma
cell body (nucleus + organelles)
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Receptors
part of the receptive area, get stimulated; specialized for different sensations
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dendrite
part of the receptive area, impulse toward cell body
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axon
transmits impulse to axon terminal
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axon hillock
1st part of axon; "threshold"
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axon terminal
secretes neurotransmitter
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direction of the impulse
dendrite>axon>axon terminal
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Neurons are Amitotic
aight
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Myelin
lipid covering axons, increases speed of impulse, insulates neurons
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Node of Ranvier
myelin sheath gaps
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Schwann cells
produce myelin in PNS
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neurilemma
outer layer of Schwann cells
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Oligodendrocytes
produce myelin in CNS
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Gray matter
CNS tissue, neuron cell bodies, unmyelinated interneurons, synapses
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White matter
part of the CNS tissue, myelinated axons, brain and spinal cord
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Synapse
Space between neurons and effector cells
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pre-synaptic neuron
axon terminal (end of axon), releases neurotransmitter
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post-synaptic neuron
dendrite, cell body, or axon
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neurotransmitter
chemical released by pre-synaptic axon terminal, stimulates post-synaptic neuron (or muscle)
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multipolar neuron structure
multiple dendrites + 1 axon, all motor neurons; interneurons
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bipolar neuron structure
1 dendrite + 1 axon, sensory - eye, smell, hearing
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unipolar neuron structure
1 process - long axon, most sensory neurons, peripheral process, central process
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Astrocytes
neuroglia (support cells of CNS), maintains synapse; aids blood-brain barrier
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microglia
neugrolia (CNS support cell); phagocyte (defense)
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ependymal cells
neugrolia (CNS support cell); produce cerebrospinal fluid
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oligodendrocytes
neugrolia (CNS support cell); produce myelin sheaths
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Schwann cells
(PNS) support axons; produce myelin
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satellite cells
PNS; support cell bodies
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Nerve
bundle of axons in PNS, most nerves are mixed - sensory + motor
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Tract
bundle of axons in CNS; not mixed, either sensory or motor
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ganglion
cluster of cell bodies in PNS
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Nucleus
cluster of cell bodies in CNS
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Endoneurium
areolar ct around each axon
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perineurium
ct around each fascicle
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epineurium
fibrous ct around entire nerve
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Integration
sensory neuron meets motor neuron; usually in CNS
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2 neuron connection
usually in CNS; sensory + synapse + motor
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3 neuron connection
usually in CNS; sensory + interneuron + motor
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network connection
sensory + many interneurons + motor
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Reflex
automatic response to stimulus
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Involuntary
w/o conscious control
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somatic reflexes
skeletal muscle response, hot stove, tendon reflexes, scared
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visceral reflexes
organ response, glands, cardiac or smooth muscles, heart rate, blood pressure, pupil constriction
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reflex arc
direct connection of sensory to motor; 5 parts (receptor, sensory neuron, integration center, motor neuron, effector)
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receptor of the reflex arc
gets stimulated (skin, muscle, organ); part of the reflex arc
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sensory neuron of the reflex arc
afferent to CNS
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integration center
synapse, interneurons in CNS; part of the reflex arc
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motor neuron
efferent to effector; part of the reflex arc
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effector
muscle or gland; part of the reflex arc
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CNS
Connection between sensory and motor (integration center); (synapse, 1 or many interneurons); controls the appropriate response to stimulus
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