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pituitary gland
- sits underneath hypothalamus
- cradled in sella tunica
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pineal gland
- center of brain on roof of 3rd ventricle
- cone shape
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adrenal gland
- perched on top of each kidney
- two distinct glands
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thymus*
- LIES IN THE MEDIASTINUM
- JUST BENEATH STERNUM
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thyroid gland*
- lies across the trachea
- two lobes
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pancreas
- lies behind stomach
- head tucked in the curve of beg. of sml int
- tail into spleen
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parathyroid gland
post surface of the thyroid gland
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gonads
testes and ovaries
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feedback mechanisms
- control regulation of endocrine activity
- triggered by blood vessels of specific substances regulated by hormones
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negative feedback
high levels of a substance inhibit hormone synthesis and secretion, whereas low levels stimulate hormone synthesis and secretion
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poistive feedback
high levels ofa substance stimulate hormone synthesis and secretion, whereas low levels inhibit additional synthesis and secretion
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hormones are
chemicals that influence almost every cell and organ in the body
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anterior pituitary
- adenohpophysis
- tropic hormones that stimulated other endo cells to release their hormones.
- synthesizes hormones
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growth hormone gh
stimulates growth and development of bones, muscles, and organs
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adrenocorticotropic hormone acth
controls growth, development, and function of the cortex of the adrenal glands. controls release of glucocorticoids and adrenal androgens which are necessary for release of aldosterone
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thyroid stimulating hormone tsh
controls secretory activities of thyroid gland
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follicle stimulating hormone fsh
stimulates the development of eggs in the ovary and sperm production
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luteinizing hormone lh
controls ovulation ore egg release and testosterone production in males
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prolactin
stimulates the breast milk production
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melanocyte
- stimulating hormone msh
- promotes pigmentation
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posterior pit
- neurohypophysis
- stores hormones produced by the hypothalamus
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antidiuretic hormone adh
causes the reabsorption of water from the renal tubes of kidney causing uop to decrease
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oxytocin
causes contractions of the uterus in labor and the release of breast milk
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thyroid
plays a major role in regulating the bodys rate of metabolism and growth and development
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thyroxine t4
- thyroid hormone has 4 iodine atoms in ea hormone.
- increase metabolic rate
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triiodothronine t3
- has 3 iodine atoms in ea hormone
- increase metabolic rate
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calcitonin throcalcitonin
- helps regulate serun calcium levels
- secreted when ca increases and triggers ca back into bone
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parathyroid hormone pth
regulates serum ca levels. secreted when ca decre and incre the absorption of ca from the intestine, transferes ca from bones to bld, and signals kidneys to conserve energy
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thymus
- also part of immune system bc of actions of the h but bc it secretes h that makes it part of endo system
- 1. thymosin
- 2. thymopoietin
- both play a role in the development of the nerv system
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adrenal glands
- adrenal cortex is 90% of the adrenal gland
- secretes steroid hormones
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mineralcorticoids - aldosterone
- help maintain an adequate extracellular fluid vol, aldosterone functions at the renal collecting tubule to promote reabsorption of na and excretion of k by kidneys.
- regulated by serum level of k, rennin - angiotensin mechanism, and acth
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glucocorticoids - cortisol
controls carb, lipid, and fat metabolism. regulation of anti-inflammatory and immune responses, control of emotional states
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sex steroids
- a. androgens - masculization in men (testosterone)
- b. estrogen - only source of estrogen after menopause
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adrenal medulla
- 10% of gland and contains sympathetic ganglia. stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system causes the medulla to secrete catecholamines:
- 1. epinephrine
- 2. norepinephrine
*major function is adaptation to stress and maintenance of homeostasis
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